Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Flashcards
Frederick Douglass · Public domain edition · 63 cards · 17 chapters
Frederick Douglass’s 1845 narrative argues that slavery brutalizes both enslaved people and enslavers, and that ignorance and enforced dependence sustain the institution. This deck covers his accounts of enslaved childhood, plantation provisioning, slave songs, overseers, and unpunished violence.
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Chapter 1 · Question
Why does Douglass say slaves rarely know their birthdays?
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Chapter 1 · Answer
Douglass states he never saw an authentic record of his age, and that most slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs. He says it is the wish of most masters within his knowledge to keep slaves ignorant of such facts, and that his master deemed inquiries improper and evidence of a restless spirit. He estimates his own age from hearing his master say in 1835 that he was about seventeen.
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CHAPTER I1 cards
Why does Douglass say slaves rarely know their birthdays?
Douglass states he never saw an authentic record of his age, and that most slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs. He says it is the wish of most masters within his knowledge to keep slaves ignorant of such facts, and that his master deemed inquiries improper and evidence of a restless spirit. He estimates his own age from hearing his master say in 1835 that he was about seventeen.
Chapter 1
CHAPTER II4 cards
What did Colonel Lloyd's home plantation serve as for his twenty-plus farms?
The home plantation was the central business and government seat for all the farms. Overseers of the out-farms received direction from its managers, disputes among overseers were settled there, and slaves convicted of high misdemeanors or inclined to run away were brought there, severely whipped, then shipped to Baltimore and sold to a slave-trader as a warning to others.
Chapter 2
What monthly food and yearly clothing allowance did adult slaves receive?
Men and women received eight pounds of pork or its equivalent in fish, plus one bushel of corn meal monthly. Yearly clothing was two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, one jacket, one pair of coarse negro cloth winter trousers, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes — costing no more than seven dollars total. Children too young for field work got only two linen shirts a year.
Chapter 2
How does Douglass interpret the slaves' songs, and what mistake does he correct?
The author argues the songs reveal deep sorrow, not contentment. He says slaves sing most when most unhappy, and the songs breathe the prayer and complaint of souls in anguish, each tone a testimony against slavery. He calls it a great mistake to hear the singing as evidence of happiness, comparing it to a castaway singing on a desolate island.
Chapter 2
How did Overseer Severe and his replacement Hopkins differ?
Mr. Severe was cruel and profane, whipping a woman until blood ran for half an hour while her children pleaded, cursing from sunrise to sunset. He died soon after, uttering curses, and slaves saw his death as merciful providence. Mr. Hopkins was less cruel, less profane, and quieter; he whipped but took no pleasure in it, and slaves called him a good overseer.
Chapter 2
CHAPTER III4 cards
How did Colonel Lloyd try to stop slaves from stealing fruit from his garden?
The garden's fruit tempted hungry enslaved people, and slaves were whipped almost daily for stealing it. Lloyd tried various stratagems; his last and most successful was tarring the fence all around. If a slave was caught with tar on his person, that was deemed sufficient proof he had entered or tried to enter the garden, and the chief gardener severely whipped him. Slaves came to fear tar as they feared the lash.
Chapter 3
Why were old and young Barney never safe from punishment?
They alone cared for Lloyd's stable and carriage-house, and Lloyd was most particular about his horses. The slightest suspected inattention brought severe punishment, and no excuse could shield them. They were often whipped when least deserving and escaped when most deserving. Everything depended on the horses' looks and Lloyd's state of mind; complaints about feeding, rubbing, or currying were blamed on the keepers, who could not answer back.
Chapter 3
What happened to the enslaved man who told Colonel Lloyd he was treated poorly?
Riding on the road, Lloyd asked a colored man whom he belonged to and whether the colonel treated him well. The man answered honestly that he was not treated well and was worked too hard, not knowing he addressed his own master. Two or three weeks later his overseer told him he was to be sold to a Georgia trader for faulting his master; he was chained and handcuffed and forever separated from family and friends.
Chapter 3
Why did slaves almost universally claim to be contented with kind masters?
The author argues that facts like the man sold for telling the truth led slaves to say they were contented and their masters kind. Slaveholders sent spies among slaves to learn their views, establishing the maxim that a still tongue makes a wise head. Slaves suppressed the truth to avoid consequences. Douglass adds that slaves, like others, held prejudices, often thinking their own master better than others', and even quarreled over whose master was superior.
Chapter 3
CHAPTER IV4 cards
Why did Mr. Gore shoot Demby, and what was the outcome for Gore?
Demby fled a whipping into a creek and refused to emerge after three calls, so Gore shot him. Gore claimed Demby was unmanageable and set a dangerous example that could lead to the subversion of rule and order. His defense satisfied Colonel Lloyd and his master; he kept his post, his reputation grew, and the killing was never judicially investigated because slaves could neither sue nor testify.
Chapter 4
What does Douglass claim about killing a slave in Talbot County, Maryland?
Douglass states he speaks advisedly that killing a slave or any colored person in Talbot County is not treated as a crime by either the courts or the community. He supports this with Mr. Thomas Lanman, who boasted laughingly of killing two slaves, one with a hatchet, and with the murder of his wife's cousin by Mrs. Giles Hicks, for which a warrant was issued but never served.
Chapter 4
How did Mrs. Giles Hicks kill Douglass's wife's cousin, and why was she not punished?
The girl, fifteen or sixteen, was set to mind Mrs. Hicks's baby and fell asleep from lost rest, so the baby cried. Mrs. Hicks seized an oak stick and broke the girl's nose and breastbone, and she died within hours. A coroner's examination found death by severe beating, and a warrant was issued, but it was never served, so she escaped punishment and even arraignment.
Chapter 4
What happened to the old man fishing on Mr. Bondly's land, and how was it resolved?
An old man belonging to Colonel Lloyd was fishing for oysters beyond Lloyd's limits, on Mr. Beal Bondly's premises. Bondly took offence at the trespass, came down to the shore with his musket, and shot him dead. Bondly visited Colonel Lloyd the next day, and the whole affair was hushed up: little was said and nothing was done. Douglass notes the saying that it was worth a half-cent to kill a 'nigger' and a half-cent to bury one.
Chapter 4
CHAPTER V4 cards
What did Douglass say he suffered from most as a child on the plantation?
Douglass states he was seldom whipped by his old master and suffered little from anything besides hunger and cold—suffering much from hunger but much more from cold. He was kept almost naked year-round in only a coarse tow linen shirt, had no bed, and on the coldest nights slept in a corn bag on the clay floor.
Chapter 5
How were slave children fed on Colonel Lloyd's plantation?
They were not regularly allowanced. Coarse corn meal was boiled into mush, put in a large wooden tray set on the ground, and the children were called like pigs and devoured it with oyster-shells, shingle pieces, or naked hands—none with spoons. The fastest eater got most, the strongest secured the best place, and few left satisfied.
Chapter 5
Why did Douglass wash off the 'plantation scurf' before leaving for Baltimore?
Douglass says the pride of appearance was not his own: Mrs. Lucretia told him he must get all the dead skin off his feet and knees before going to Baltimore, since people there were very cleanly and would laugh at him if dirty. She also promised him a pair of trousers, to be worn only after he was clean—a reward that motivated him.
Chapter 5
How does Douglass interpret his removal from the plantation to Baltimore?
The author argues his departure was one of the most interesting events of his life, laying the foundation and opening the gateway to all his subsequent prosperity. He regards being chosen—the first, last, and only choice among many slave children—as a plain manifestation of kind providence, and says he dates from earliest recollection a conviction that slavery would not always hold him.
Chapter 5
CHAPTER VI4 cards
What changes does Douglass observe in Mrs. Auld after she becomes a slaveholder?
Douglass describes Mrs. Auld as initially kind, having never owned a slave and having supported herself as a weaver, which he says preserved her from slavery's dehumanizing effects. Under the "fatal poison of irresponsible power," her cheerful eye became red with rage, her sweet voice harsh, and her angelic face demonic. The author argues slavery corrupts even kindly owners.
Chapter 6
How does Mr. Auld's prohibition against teaching Douglass to read affect him?
Mr. Auld forbids his wife to instruct Douglass, saying it is unlawful and unsafe to teach a slave to read and that learning would "spoil" him and make him unmanageable. Douglass says these words gave him a new understanding of the white man's power to enslave and revealed the pathway from slavery to freedom. He resolves to learn to read, crediting his master's opposition as much as his mistress's aid.
Chapter 6
How does Douglass compare city slavery with plantation slavery?
Douglass says a city slave is almost a freeman compared with a plantation slave: better fed and clothed, with privileges unknown on the plantation. A sense of shame among non-slaveholding neighbors curbs atrocious cruelty, and most city slaveholders give slaves enough to eat. He notes painful exceptions, including Mr. Thomas Hamilton's household.
Chapter 6
What cruelty does Douglass witness in the Hamilton household?
Douglass describes Henrietta, about twenty-two, and Mary, about fourteen, as the most mangled and emaciated creatures he ever saw. Mary's head, neck, and shoulders were cut to pieces with festering sores from Mrs. Hamilton's cowskin. Mrs. Hamilton sat with the whip, striking the girls and calling them "black gip," while they were kept nearly starved; Douglass saw Mary fighting pigs for street offal.
Chapter 6
CHAPTER VII4 cards
How did Douglass first learn to read, and who helped him?
Douglass says he had no regular teacher: his mistress began instructing him but stopped under her husband's direction. He then made friends of little white boys in the street and converted as many as he could into teachers, carrying bread to give the hungry children in return for lessons. By these means, obtained at different times and places, he finally succeeded in learning to read.
Chapter 7
What did Douglass gain and suffer from reading The Columbian Orator?
From the master-slave dialogue he gained the moral that truth has power over even a slaveholder's conscience; from Sheridan's speech, a bold denunciation of slavery and vindication of human rights. These enabled him to utter his own thoughts. But reading also made him abhor his enslavers and see his wretched condition without a remedy—a curse as much as a blessing.
Chapter 7
How did Douglass learn to write, and why did he want to?
He copied letters marked on ship timbers at Durgin and Bailey's ship-yard (L, S, L.F., S.F., L.A., S.A.), then challenged boys who could write to outdo him. He practiced on fence, wall, and pavement with chalk, copied Italics in Webster's Spelling Book, and filled spaces in Master Thomas's discarded copy-books. He wanted to write because he might need to write his own pass to escape.
Chapter 7
What did Douglass resolve after the Irishmen's advice, and why did he hide his interest?
Two Irishmen unloading stone, after learning he was a slave for life, told him it was a shame and advised him to run north, where he would find friends and be free. Douglass pretended not to understand, fearing they might be treacherous, since white men had been known to encourage escape and then return slaves for the reward. He nevertheless remembered the advice and resolved to run away.
Chapter 7
CHAPTER VIII4 cards
What happened to the old master's property, including Douglass, after Captain Anthony died without a will?
Because Captain Anthony died unexpectedly without a will, his property had to be valued so it could be divided equally between his children, Mrs. Lucretia and Master Andrew. Douglass was sent for and valued along with the other property. At the valuation, men, women, and children were ranked with horses, sheep, and swine, and subjected to the same inspection.
Chapter 8
How did the division of property affect the slaves, and why did Douglass especially dread Master Andrew?
Slaves had no more voice in the division than the animals they were ranked with; a single word from the white men could permanently separate families. Douglass feared falling into Master Andrew's hands, a drunkard known as cruel, who had stamped on Douglass's little brother's head until blood gushed, then told Douglass he would serve him the same way.
Chapter 8
What happened to Douglass's grandmother after the old master's estate passed to strangers?
Douglass says his grandmother had served the old master faithfully from youth to old age, rocked him as an infant, and closed his eyes at death, yet was left a slave for life in the hands of strangers. Because she was old and of little value, her owners built her a hut in the woods and left her to support herself in loneliness, which Douglass calls virtually turning her out to die.
Chapter 8
Why was Douglass taken from Baltimore to St. Michael's, and what did he regret about leaving?
Master Thomas took Douglass from Master Hugh to punish his brother after a misunderstanding between them. Douglass felt the separation less because brandy and slavery had changed Master Hugh and his wife for the worse, but he was attached to the Baltimore boys who taught him. He regretted not attempting to run away, since chances of success were tenfold greater from the city than the country.
Chapter 8
CHAPTER IX4 cards
Why did Douglass call Captain Auld an especially bad type of slaveholder?
Douglass says Auld was not born a slaveholder but came into possession of slaves by marriage, and the author argues that "adopted slaveholders are the worst." Auld was cruel but cowardly, rigid at times and lax at others, and inconsistent because he had no resources within himself. Douglass says the slaves held him in contempt, seldom called him "master," and generally called him "Captain Auld."
Chapter 9
What effect did Auld's religious conversion have, according to Douglass?
Douglass hoped the conversion would lead Auld to emancipate his slaves or at least make him humane, but he was disappointed in both respects. The author argues Auld became worse afterward, finding religious sanction for his cruelty. Auld became a class-leader and exhorter, hosted preachers whom he stuffed while starving his slaves, and quoted Scripture to justify whipping the lame woman Henny.
Chapter 9
How did Auld justify whipping the lame young woman Henny?
Douglass reports seeing Auld tie up Henny, who was nearly helpless after falling into a fire as a child, and whip her naked shoulders with a heavy cowskin until blood dripped. Auld quoted Scripture as justification: "He that knoweth his master's will, and doeth it not, shall be beaten with many stripes." He sometimes kept her tied four or five hours and whipped her again on already raw places.
Chapter 9
Why was Douglass sent to Edward Covey, and why did he go gladly?
After nine months with Auld, during which whippings failed to reform him, Auld resolved to put Douglass out "to be broken" and hired him for a year to Edward Covey, a poor farm-renter with a reputation for breaking young slaves. Covey was also a Methodist class-leader. Douglass knew the facts from a young man who had lived there but went gladly because he was sure of getting enough to eat.
Chapter 9
CHAPTER X (part 1)4 cards
Why did Covey whip Douglass the first time at his plantation?
Covey sent Douglass, new to field work, into the woods with a team of unbroken oxen. The oxen ran off, upsetting and shattering the cart and nearly killing him twice. When Douglass explained, Covey ordered him back out, then cut three switches and lashed him for supposedly trifling away time and breaking gates. This was the first of many similar whippings.
Chapter 10
How did Covey maintain control over the enslaved workers when absent?
The author describes Covey as working alongside his hands and knowing exactly what a man could do, so there was no deceiving him. He approached secretly, crawling through cornfields or hiding behind trees and fences, appearing suddenly among the workers. Douglass says the slaves called him "the snake," and his comings were like a thief in the night.
Chapter 10
What does Douglass mean by saying Covey "succeeded in breaking" him?
After months of relentless field work in all weather, with barely five minutes to eat, Douglass says his body, soul, and spirit were broken. His natural elasticity was crushed, his intellect languished, his desire to read departed, and he was transformed into a brute. On Sundays he lay in a beast-like stupor under a tree, sometimes moved to take his own life and Covey's.
Chapter 10
What change does Douglass mark with the phrase "how a slave was made a man"?
Douglass says his first six months with Covey were worse than the last six, and the circumstances causing the change form an epoch in his history. He introduces the turning point with "You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man." The change begins in August 1833, when he collapses from heat and exhaustion while fanning wheat.
Chapter 10
CHAPTER X (part 2)4 cards
What did Sandy Jenkins advise Douglass to do before returning to Covey?
Sandy told Douglass he must go back to Covey, but first take a certain root from the woods and carry it always on his right side. Sandy claimed this would make it impossible for any white man to whip him, saying he had carried it for years without receiving a blow. Douglass at first rejected the idea but took the root to please him.
Chapter 11
What was the outcome of Douglass's fight with Mr. Covey?
After Covey tried to tie him, Douglass resolved to fight, seized Covey by the throat, and kicked Hughes when he tried to help. Bill refused to assist, saying he was hired to work, not to whip. They fought nearly two hours until Covey let go. Covey never struck Douglass in anger again during the remaining six months, and Douglass calls it the turning-point in his career as a slave.
Chapter 11
Why does Douglass believe Covey did not send him to the whipping-post?
Douglass says the only explanation he can think of, though it does not entirely satisfy him, is Covey's reputation. Covey was famed as a first-rate overseer and negro-breaker, and that reputation mattered to him. Sending a boy of about sixteen to the public whipping-post would have destroyed it, so to save his reputation he let Douglass go unpunished.
Chapter 11
How does Douglass interpret the Christmas holidays granted to slaves?
The author argues the holidays are among the most effective means slaveholders use to keep down the spirit of insurrection, acting as safety-valves for rebellious spirit. He says they are not given out of benevolence but selfishness, and that masters encourage drunkenness and dissipation to disgust slaves with freedom, so they return to slavery glad.
Chapter 11
CHAPTER X (part 3)4 cards
How did Douglass teach his fellow slaves to read, and what risk did they face?
Douglass held a Sabbath school at the house of a free colored man, teaching over forty scholars of all ages, mostly men and women, and also taught three evenings a week in winter. Students risked being taken up and given thirty-nine lashes, so all agreed to keep as little display as possible and hide the school from their religious masters at St. Michael's.
Chapter 12
Why did the conspirators choose a water route up the Chesapeake Bay?
They planned to take a large canoe belonging to Mr. Hamilton on the Saturday night before Easter holidays and paddle seventy or eighty miles up the bay, then turn the canoe adrift and follow the north star beyond Maryland. Douglass reasoned they were less likely to be suspected as runaways on water, hoping to be taken for fishermen, whereas on land any white person could stop and examine them.
Chapter 12
What did Douglass write to protect the group, and what was its stated destination?
The week before the intended start, Douglass wrote several protections, one for each man, certifying that William Hamilton had given the bearer, his servant, full liberty to go to Baltimore and spend the Easter holidays, dated 1835 near St. Michael's, Talbot county, Maryland. They were not actually going to Baltimore, but the bay route carried them toward it, so the passes were meant only to protect them while on the water.
Chapter 12
What plan did the group settle on, and who made up the final company?
After Sandy gave up the notion but still encouraged them, the company consisted of Henry Harris, John Harris, Henry Bailey, Charles Roberts, and Douglass. Henry Bailey was Douglass's uncle and belonged to his master; Charles married Douglass's aunt and belonged to Mr. William Hamilton. They pledged at their last meeting to start at the appointed time.
Chapter 12
CHAPTER X (part 4)4 cards
Why did the white carpenters at Gardner's shipyard stop working?
The white carpenters struck, refusing to work alongside free colored workmen. Their stated reason was that encouraging free colored carpenters would let them take over the trade and throw poor white men out of work. Taking advantage of Gardner's need to finish his brigs on time, they swore they would not return unless he discharged his black carpenters.
Chapter 13
What did Esquire Watson say about prosecuting the men who attacked Douglass?
Watson said he could do nothing unless some white man came forward to testify, and that he could issue no warrant on Douglass's word alone. Douglass notes that even testimony from a thousand colored people would not have sufficed to arrest one of the murderers. No white man volunteered, partly because showing humanity toward a colored person was denounced as abolitionism.
Chapter 13
How did Douglass's feelings about freedom change when his condition improved?
Douglass observes that whenever his condition improved, his contentment did not increase—only his desire to be free and his planning to escape. He argues that to make a contented slave, one must make a thoughtless one: darken the moral and mental vision, annihilate reason, and make the slave feel slavery is right. This, he says, is possible only when the slave ceases to be a man.
Chapter 13
What happened to Douglass's wages as a skilled caulker, and who received them?
Within a year of leaving Gardner's, Douglass could command the highest wages of experienced caulkers, earning a dollar and fifty cents a day—six to nine dollars a week for Master Hugh. Douglass sought his own employment, made his own contracts, and collected the money, yet every Saturday night he had to hand every cent to Master Hugh, solely because Hugh had the power to compel it.
Chapter 13
CHAPTER XI3 cards
How does the Preface describe Douglass's first speech at the Nantucket convention?
Phillips recalls Douglass came forward with hesitancy and embarrassment, apologized for his ignorance, and noted slavery was a poor school for the intellect and heart. He then narrated facts of his slave history with noble thoughts. Phillips rose and declared Patrick Henry never made a more eloquent speech for liberty than this hunted fugitive's.
Chapter 14
What does Phillips say about the treatment of slaves in Maryland compared with other states?
Phillips argues Douglass's lot was not especially hard and may be regarded as a fair specimen of slave treatment in Maryland, a state conceded to feed slaves better and treat them less cruelly than Georgia, Alabama, or Louisiana. Many suffered incomparably more, while few on plantations suffered less than Douglass.
Chapter 14
What anecdote from Daniel O'Connell does the Preface use, and what does it illustrate?
O'Connell told of an American sailor cast away on Africa's shore, enslaved three years, found imbruted and stultified—he had lost reasoning power and forgotten his native language, uttering gibberish. Phillips uses it to show slavery brutalizes every noble faculty and that the white slave can sink as low as the black one.
Chapter 14
CHAPTER XI (part 1)4 cards
Why does Douglass refuse to describe the details of his escape?
Douglass states two reasons: a minute account might involve others in embarrassing difficulties, and it would make slaveholders more vigilant, guarding the door by which another bondman might escape. He says he would rather suffer imputations from evil-minded men than risk closing any avenue by which a brother slave might gain freedom.
Chapter 15
What did Douglass think of public declarations by the underground railroad's western friends?
The author argues he never approved of the very public manner of these western friends, calling their open declarations an "upperground railroad." He honors their daring but sees little good for escaping slaves, while such declarations enlighten the master, stimulate his watchfulness, and enhance his power to capture slaves.
Chapter 15
What terms did Master Hugh set for Douglass to hire his time?
Douglass was to have all his time, make his own contracts, and find his own employment; in return he paid Hugh three dollars each week and covered his own calking tools, board, and clothing. Board was two dollars and fifty cents weekly, making regular expenses about six dollars a week, payable rain or shine or he lost the privilege.
Chapter 15
Why did Master Hugh stop letting Douglass hire his time?
Douglass failed one Saturday night to pay his week's time because he attended a camp meeting about ten miles from Baltimore and stayed a day longer than intended. Hugh was angry, asked how he dared leave the city without permission, and upon Douglass's reply said he should hire his time no longer, fearing he would next run away.
Chapter 15
CHAPTER XI (part 2)4 cards
Why did Frederick Bailey change his name again in New Bedford?
He had already used "Stanley" leaving Baltimore and "Frederick Johnson" in New York, but New Bedford had so many Johnsons that the name was hard to distinguish. Mr. Johnson, who had been reading the "Lady of the Lake," chose "Douglass." Frederick insisted on keeping "Frederick" to preserve his sense of identity, and he continued using Douglass because he was more widely known by it.
Chapter 16
What did Douglass expect the North to be like, and what did he find?
He had supposed northerners, owning no slaves, were poor and uncultivated, living in Spartan simplicity with none of the South's wealth or refinement. In New Bedford he found the opposite: fine ships, granite warehouses full of goods, splendid churches and gardens, and no dilapidated housing. He concluded his earlier impression was singularly erroneous, and was glad to see extreme wealth without extreme poverty.
Chapter 16
What did Douglass observe about the condition of colored people in New Bedford?
He found many who had been out of chains less than seven years living in finer houses and enjoying more comforts than the average Maryland slaveholder. He praised Nathan Johnson, a working man, as better housed, better read, and better informed than nine tenths of Talbot County slaveholders. He also found a spirited determination to protect each other from kidnappers at all hazards.
Chapter 16
How does the Appendix clarify Douglass's views on religion?
Douglass explains he meant to attack only the slaveholding religion of the land, not Christianity proper, and he sees the widest possible difference between them. He says he loves the pure Christianity of Christ and therefore hates the corrupt, hypocritical, slaveholding Christianity of this land. He calls it the climax of misnomers and the boldest of frauds, citing ministers who are men-stealers and women-whippers.
Chapter 16
CHAPTER XI (part 3)3 cards
What does Douglass say he hopes his book will accomplish?
Douglass states he sincerely hopes the book may throw light on the American slave system and hasten the glad day of deliverance for the millions of his brethren in bonds. He says he relies on the power of truth, love, and justice for success, and pledges himself anew to the sacred cause.
Chapter 17
Where and when does Douglass sign off the Narrative?
Douglass subscribes himself at Lynn, Massachusetts, on April 28, 1845, closing the Narrative with his name in capital letters and the words "THE END." This dating and location mark the completion of the autobiography's original text.
Chapter 17
What does the closing hymn say about slaveholding church members?
The hymn describes slaveholders who stint "negroes' backs and maws" while their own children sit "in gewgaws," and who entertain flirts and rakes dressed "as sleek as glossy snakes" with sweetened cakes. It says this hypocrisy "goes down for union," linking pious talk of heavenly union to profit from slavery.
Chapter 17
Source and licence
Text used: Project Gutenberg eBook #23 (Public domain in the United States). Generated from the full text; cards paraphrase the source.
Version: Public domain edition. Retrieved 2026-10-22. Cards reviewed 2026-10-22.
These cards paraphrase the text for study. They are not a substitute for reading the book, and they do not reproduce long passages.
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