Susan B. Anthony: Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian Flashcards
Alma Lutz · Public domain edition · 361 cards · 97 chapters
Alma Lutz’s biography argues that Susan B. Anthony saw women’s legal restrictions as a form of slavery and expected worldwide discrimination eventually to end. The deck covers Anthony’s Quaker upbringing, family influences, early wage work, and the sources behind Lutz’s account.
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Chapter 1 · Question
How did Anthony view women's struggle for freedom from legal restrictions?
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Chapter 1 · Answer
The author argues Anthony saw women's struggle for freedom from legal restrictions as an important phase in the development of American democracy. To her it was never a battle of the sexes, but a battle such as any freedom-loving people would wage for civil and political rights.
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Section 13 cards
How did Anthony view women's struggle for freedom from legal restrictions?
The author argues Anthony saw women's struggle for freedom from legal restrictions as an important phase in the development of American democracy. To her it was never a battle of the sexes, but a battle such as any freedom-loving people would wage for civil and political rights.
Chapter 1
What did Anthony look forward to regarding worldwide discrimination?
The author states that Anthony looked forward to a time when, throughout the world, there would be no discrimination because of race, color, religion, or sex. While her goals for women were only partially realized in her lifetime, she prepared the soil for the federal woman suffrage amendment and for worldwide recognition of human rights.
Chapter 1
What sources formed the basis of Lutz's biography of Anthony?
Lutz states that Susan B. Anthony's letters, hundreds of them preserved in libraries and private collections, and her diaries have been the basis of this biography. She acknowledges indebtedness to numerous libraries and their librarians, and credits Lucy E. Anthony for lending the diaries and providing records and recollections.
Chapter 1
Section 24 cards
Why did Daniel Anthony refuse to make Sally Ann Hyatt an overseer?
Young Susan observed that Sally Ann Hyatt, a skilled weaver, could untangle yarn and fix machinery that the overseer Elijah could not, and asked why she was not made overseer. Her father Daniel replied that it would never do to have a woman overseer in the mill. The answer did not satisfy Susan, and the puzzle stayed with her.
Chapter 2
What did Susan's mother Lucy do for the millworkers boarding in their home?
Most millworkers were young girls from Vermont who, by custom, boarded in the millowner's home. Lucy Read Anthony housed eleven of them while caring for three small daughters, with only a thirteen-year-old girl helping after school. She cooked meals on the kitchen hearth, baked bread in the brick oven, and did washing, ironing, mending, and spinning, work the chapter calls what all women in the new country were expected to do.
Chapter 2
What voting restrictions remained after white manhood suffrage spread?
The chapter describes a young republic where settlers built new states and democracy spread. New states entered with manhood suffrage and no traditional property or religious limits on the franchise, and older states followed, with Massachusetts removing property qualifications in 1820. Eventually all free white men could vote, leaving only women, Negroes, and Indians without full rights of citizenship.
Chapter 2
How did Susan's household work prepare her for later life?
Lucy Anthony taught her young daughters to help with the boardinghouse labor. Susan was very useful before she was six, and by age ten she could cook a good meal and pack a dinner pail. The chapter presents this as ordinary training for women in the new country rather than anything unusual, set against the backdrop of a growing cotton industry.
Chapter 2
Section 32 cards
How did Quaker meeting life shape young Susan's view of women?
Susan attended Meeting regularly with her father. Women sat on one side and men on the other, but women held positions of honor: her grandmother Hannah Latham Anthony was an elder seated in the "high seat," and her aunt Hannah Anthony Hoxie preached as the spirit moved her. Because her church and family accepted women's equality before God as a matter of course, Susan took it for granted that it existed everywhere.
Chapter 3
Why did Daniel Anthony have to face the Quaker elders, and what was the outcome?
Quakers were not permitted to "marry out of Meeting," and Lucy Read was not a Quaker. On returning from his wedding trip, Daniel faced the elders, who weighed the matter carefully and found him otherwise sincere and earnest, so they decided not to turn him out. Lucy gave up dancing, singing, and bright dresses for plain clothes, but she never became a Quaker, feeling she could not live up to their strict standard of righteousness.
Chapter 3
Section 44 cards
Why did Daniel Anthony start a school for his children?
He realized his five children needed a better education than the district school offered, so he established a school for them in the new brick building where he had opened a store, and later set aside a large room in the new brick house. There, for the first time in that district, pupils had separate stools without backs instead of benches around the walls.
Chapter 4
How did Daniel Anthony handle liquor at the millworkers' house-raising?
He resolved not to serve liquor when the millworkers' houses were built and neighbors came to the raising, despite Judge McLean's protest that the men would demand gin and rum. Susan and her sisters helped their mother serve lemonade, tea, coffee, doughnuts, and gingerbread; the men joked about the lack of strong drink but attended the next raising.
Chapter 4
How did Susan first earn wages at the mill?
When a spooler fell ill, Susan and Hannah volunteered; their mother objected that the mill was no place for children but consented after Susan's pleading. The girls drew lots, and twelve-year-old Susan won on condition she split her earnings with Hannah. She worked two weeks at $1.50 a week and bought six pale blue coffee cups for her mother.
Chapter 4
What did Susan's seminary letters reveal about its censorship rules?
Each letter had to be written on a slate, inspected by Deborah Moulson, copied carefully, inspected again, and sent after four or five days, stifling spontaneity so her letters were stilted and overvirtuous. Guelma told her she wrote too much and should be concise. Susan later confessed, "Whenever I take my pen in hand, I always seem to be mounted on stilts."
Chapter 4
Section 54 cards
What subjects did the girls study at Deborah Moulson's seminary?
The girls studied arithmetic, algebra, literature, chemistry, philosophy, physiology, astronomy, and bookkeeping. Men came to the school to conduct some classes, and Deborah Moulson was also assisted by student teachers, one of whom, Lydia Mott, became Susan's lifelong friend. Susan worked hard but none of her efforts seemed to satisfy Moulson, a hard taskmaster whose reproofs cut deep.
Chapter 5
Why did Daniel Anthony allow a dancing school in his attic?
The young people first asked to use the finished attic ballroom, but Daniel Anthony, true to his Quaker training, refused. When they returned saying the only other place was a disreputable tavern selling liquor, he discussed it with his wife and daughters and consented on the condition that Guelma, Hannah, and Susan would not dance. The three Quaker girls watched and longed to join in.
Chapter 5
What happened to Daniel Anthony after the dancing school?
Such frivolous entertainment in a Quaker home could not be condoned, and Daniel Anthony was severely censured by the Friends and read out of Meeting 'because he kept a place of amusement in his house.' He did not regret his so-called sin any more than he regretted marrying out of Meeting. He continued to attend Friends' Meeting but grew more liberal over the years.
Chapter 5
How did Susan respond to her father's business failure?
Susan felt keenly her father's sorrow over the failure of his business and the loss of the Battenville home, and she resolved at once to help by teaching in Union Village, New York. In May 1838 she left home again, noting the separation was more trying because of their business affairs, with an inventory of their furniture expected by assignees. Her patience and courage held out.
Chapter 5
Section 64 cards
Why did Susan Anthony object to the Friends' treatment of a Black man at meeting?
At Friends' Meeting in New Rochelle, a fuss arose over a colored man sitting in the meeting house, and some left because of it. Susan wrote to Aaron that the people there were anti-abolitionist and anti everything good, calling it a lack of Christianity.
Chapter 6
What did Anthony discover about her pay compared with the men she replaced?
Teaching almost continuously with Hannah for $2 to $2.50 a week, Susan repeatedly replaced men discharged for inefficiency. Though she made a success of the school, she found she was paid only a fourth of the salary the man had received, and this rankled her.
Chapter 6
How did Anthony answer Aaron's remark about biscuits versus algebra?
After studying algebra in Vermont, Susan told Guelma and Aaron of the accomplishment. Aaron was unimpressed and at dinner, offering cream biscuits she had baked, said he would rather see a woman make such biscuits than solve the knottiest problem in algebra. She retorted there was no reason she should not do both.
Chapter 6
Why was the Rochester farm payment held in Uncle Joshua's name?
Susan's father sought a fresh start after business losses, and a farm near Rochester looked promising. The first payment came from money Lucy Anthony inherited from Grandfather Read, held by Uncle Joshua Read, who took the farm in his name and leased it to Daniel. Had it gone to Susan's mother, it would have become Daniel's property under the law and could be claimed by his creditors.
Chapter 6
Section 74 cards
What antislavery ideas did Susan first encounter at the Rochester farm?
At the Rochester farm, Quaker neighbors drew her father into the antislavery movement, and meetings held in the Anthony home introduced Susan to the Underground Railroad, the Liberty party, and debates over Texas annexation. She read antislavery tracts and Garrison's Liberator, borrowed from Quaker friends, and discussed the issues with her father on winter evenings.
Chapter 7
What teaching position did Susan accept in 1846 and on what terms?
Susan accepted an offer from Canajoharie Academy to teach the female department, likely arranged through her uncle Joshua Read, a trustee. She traveled by canal boat and settled with his daughter Margaret Read Caldwell in May 1846. She began with twenty-five pupils at roughly $110 a year, more than she had ever earned, and spent freely on herself for the first time.
Chapter 7
How did Susan's first quarterly examination affect her reputation?
Her first quarterly examination, held before the principal, trustees, and parents, established her reputation as a teacher, and everyone said the schoolmarm looked beautiful. She wore a new plaid muslin with white collar and cuffs, a gold watch and chain, her hair wound around a shell comb, and new prunella gaiters. Parents feared a suitor would steal away their teacher.
Chapter 7
Why did women form their own temperance societies, and what was Susan's first speech?
Men refused to admit women to the Sons of Temperance, arguing public reform was outside women's sphere, so women formed their own secret societies and then announced themselves as Daughters of Temperance. Susan joined Canajoharie's chapter and made her first speech at a supper meeting, addressing both men and women—bold for the era, though consistent with her Quaker heritage of speaking in Meeting.
Chapter 7
Section 84 cards
What did the 1848 Married Women's Property Law in New York allow married women to do?
It allowed a married woman to hold real estate in her own name. Previously, property a woman owned at marriage or received by gift or inheritance became her husband's, and he could sell or will it away without her consent and collect rents or income. The Anthony household welcomed the law because Lucy Anthony's inheritance, which had bought the Rochester farm, could finally be put in her own name.
Chapter 8
How did Susan initially react to the Seneca Falls woman's rights convention?
She was not shocked by the break with tradition, but she did not instinctively defend the rebellious women or champion their cause; she was amused rather than impressed. Lucretia Mott's presence aroused her curiosity, since she had heard praise of Mott from her father's Quaker friends and been inspired by Mott's remarks at Friends' Meeting in Philadelphia as a pupil.
Chapter 8
Why had Susan encountered few barriers as a woman before the woman's rights movement?
She was raised Quaker with no obstacles to her education, and had an exceptional father proud of his daughters' intelligence who respected their opinions. Her only real complaint was the low teaching salary she accepted because she was a woman, and she resented male superiority in relatives like Aaron McLean. She had not analyzed the cause or seen the need for concerted action by women.
Chapter 8
What family developments in August drew Susan toward the woman's rights movement?
Returning home, she found a second convention had been held in Rochester, and her mother, father, sister Mary, and many Quaker friends had attended and signed the Declaration of Sentiments and resolutions, with cousin Sarah Burtis Anthony as secretary. Their enthusiasm and talk of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott finally aroused her interest, though she had no chance to meet them before returning to Canajoharie.
Chapter 8
Section 94 cards
What did the abolitionist circle at the Anthony farm advocate regarding politics and the Constitution?
Like William Lloyd Garrison, the abolitionists who met at the Anthony farm refused to vote, not wishing to take part in a government that countenanced slavery. They called the Constitution a proslavery document, advocated 'No Union with Slaveholders,' and demanded immediate and unconditional emancipation. The Underground Railroad operated with their help, guiding Negro refugees to Canada and freedom.
Chapter 9
Why did Susan and her father leave the Society of Friends for the Unitarian church?
The Society of Friends in Rochester was unfriendly to the antislavery movement, so Susan, her father, and other liberal Hicksite Quakers left for the Unitarian church. There they first encountered 'hireling ministry' and formal services with music. The friendly Christian spirit made them feel at home, and the fellowship encouraged liberalism and tolerance, though her Quaker training had already instilled a personal religion, strong duty, and high ethics.
Chapter 9
What role did Susan take on the farm when her father became an insurance agent?
When her father became an agent of the New York Life Insurance Company and was often away, and with her brothers busy and Mary teaching, Susan took charge of the farm. She superintended the planting, harvesting, and marketing, and enjoyed it, but did not let it crowd out her interest in the causes she considered vital.
Chapter 9
What did Susan learn about Abby Kelley Foster's career and the opposition she faced?
Abby Kelley Foster had started as a schoolteacher, but after hearing Theodore Weld speak she devoted herself to antislavery, traveling alone to speak against slavery. She faced both abolition's general antagonism and prejudice against women speaking publicly, fanned by the clergy. For listening to her, men and women were excommunicated; mobs jeered and pelted her with rotten eggs. She married fellow-abolitionist Stephen Foster.
Chapter 9
Section 104 cards
What did Susan Anthony do at the people's college meeting with Stanton and Stone?
Susan joined Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone in insisting that the proposed people's college be opened to women on the same terms as men. Horace Greeley opposed them, begging them not to agitate the question, and the college never materialized. The meeting instead produced a friendship among the three women that developed the woman's rights movement in the United States.
Chapter 10
Why did Stanton and Stone wear the bloomer costume despite ridicule?
Both women felt it their duty to bear the ridicule in order to free women from cumbersome clothing, hoping the bloomer's utility would win converts and make it fashionable. Stanton faced boys screaming 'breeches' at her and her husband's political opponents mocking the costume in campaign speeches. Stanton also praised its freedom from stays and tight lacing as a health benefit for busy housekeepers.
Chapter 10
What did Susan learn from Stanton about the 1840 London antislavery convention?
Stanton told how women delegates were excluded from the World's antislavery convention in London in 1840, which she attended with her husband and where she became a devoted friend of Lucretia Mott. Susan now better understood why the two women called the first woman's rights convention in 1848, where Stanton made the first public demand for woman suffrage.
Chapter 10
How did Susan's background differ from Stanton's and Stone's regarding opposition?
Susan began to realize how little opposition she had met because she was a woman: her father encouraged her to become a teacher and aroused her interest in abolition, temperance, and woman's rights. By contrast, Lucy Stone, raised on a Massachusetts farm where women had no rights over children or property, and Stanton had met disapproval and resistance all the way.
Chapter 10
Section 114 cards
Why did Susan B. Anthony first attend the Albany Sons of Temperance convention?
She went as a delegate of the Rochester Daughters of Temperance, hoping women would become an active, important part of the temperance reform. She had not yet conceived of a separate woman's rights movement and felt unqualified for antislavery work compared with the Grimké sisters, Abby Kelley Foster, and Lucy Stone. She stayed with Lydia and Abigail Mott in Albany.
Chapter 11
How did the chairman of the Sons of Temperance convention respond when Anthony spoke?
Astonished that a woman would be so immodest as to speak in a public meeting, he scathingly announced, "The sisters were not invited here to speak, but to listen and to learn." It was the first time Anthony had been publicly rebuked because she was a woman, and she did not take it lightly. She left with other indignant women delegates.
Chapter 11
What did the women do after leaving the Albany temperance convention?
On Lydia Mott's suggestion, they engaged the lecture room of the Hudson Street Presbyterian Church and held their own meeting that night. Lydia also took them to Thurlow Weed, editor of the Evening Journal, who published the whole story. Samuel J. May attended after reading the notice, though the snowy night, smoking stove, and falling stovepipe plagued the meeting.
Chapter 11
What did the Woman's State Temperance Society do that provoked denunciation?
With Anthony's full approval, Elizabeth Stanton as president recommended divorce on the grounds of drunkenness, declaring that the drunkard should have no claims on wife and child. The press and clergy ruthlessly denounced the society. Anthony did not take this too seriously, being familiar with the persecution antislavery workers endured for expressing their convictions.
Chapter 11
Section 124 cards
What did Susan B. Anthony conclude after hearing women speak at the Syracuse convention?
The chapter says the Syracuse gathering was mocked by some papers as a 'Tomfoolery convention' and 'the farce at Syracuse,' but for Susan it marked a milestone. Never before had she heard so many earnest, intelligent women plead convincingly for property rights, civil rights, and the ballot. She saw clearly that in a republic women as well as men should enjoy these rights, and her conversion to woman suffrage was complete.
Chapter 12
How did Elizabeth Stanton help Susan with her speeches?
The chapter states that Stanton, tied down at home by young children, wrote letters and resolutions for Susan and helped her with her speeches. Susan was reluctant about writing or making speeches; when she sat down to write, her thoughts refused to come and her phrases grew stilted. Stanton gave encouragement unstintingly, finding Susan's mental companionship stimulating.
Chapter 12
Why did Susan and Stanton resign from the Woman's State Temperance Society?
At the June 1853 Rochester convention they were criticized for discussing woman's rights too much. Stanton was defeated for the presidency, and the by-laws were amended to make men eligible as officers. Men then did all the talking, demanded a new name, and insisted woman's rights discussion be ruled out. Susan refused re-election as secretary and both resigned.
Chapter 12
How did Susan argue teaching's low status was tied to women teachers?
At the Rochester teachers' convention, Susan told the men they misunderstood the cause of the disrespect they complained of. So long as society says woman is incompetent to be a lawyer, minister, or doctor but able to teach, every man choosing teaching tacitly admits he has no more brains than a woman. Teaching is less lucrative because men must compete with woman's cheap labor; to exalt the profession, raise women's salaries.
Chapter 12
Section 134 cards
What did Susan B. Anthony hope to achieve by nominating Emma Willard for vice-president?
Susan offered Emma Willard's name as a candidate for vice-president, thinking the retired principal of the Troy Female Seminary might help improve women's status in the educational organization. Willard declined the nomination, refusing to be drawn into Susan's rebellion. Susan still left satisfied that she had driven an entering wedge into Professor Davies' male stronghold, and she continued pressing for women in office, coeducation, and equal pay.
Chapter 13
Why had most of the temperance societies Susan organized disbanded?
Going back to towns where she had held temperance meetings, Susan found most societies she organized had disbanded because women lacked money to engage speakers or subscribe to temperance papers. If married, they had no money of their own and no right to any interest outside their homes unless their husbands consented. The author presents this discovery as pushing Susan toward demanding women's property rights through legislation.
Chapter 13
What did Susan conclude in her 1853 diary about women's need for independence?
Susan wrote that she felt the great evil of woman's entire dependency on man for the means to aid any reform movement. Though she had long admitted the wrong, she now fully took in the idea of pecuniary and personal independence, arguing that benevolence avails nothing without the power to act. She concluded woman must have a purse of her own and that property rights could be obtained only through legislation.
Chapter 13
Why did Susan wear the bloomer costume through the Albany convention despite ridicule?
Susan found the bloomer a burden because it attracted unfavorable attention, with boys jeering and men calling out mockingly in Albany. Elizabeth Stanton and Lucy Stone urged her to give it up, arguing ridicule harmed the cause. Susan wore it through the entire convention, determined not to be stampeded by jeers, but resolved to remove it forever immediately afterward, having worn it a little over a year.
Chapter 13
Section 144 cards
What petitions did Susan B. Anthony present to back Stanton's speech?
Anthony presented petitions with 10,000 signatures total: 6,000 asking that married women be granted the right to their wages, and 4,000 recorded for woman suffrage. She offered them as concrete evidence of demand for a change in the law, backing Elizabeth Stanton's plea for married women's property rights. The legislature failed to act on the petitions, though Anthony believed the cause had made progress.
Chapter 14
Why did Anthony value Ernestine Rose as a colleague?
Anthony was not frightened by Rose's reputed atheism, as many were. She appreciated Rose's intelligence, devotion to woman's rights, and easy eloquence. Conscious of her own limitations as an orator, Anthony recognized her need of Rose for the many meetings she planned. Rose, a rabbi's daughter from Poland ten years Anthony's senior, had lectured since 1836 on education, woman's rights, and the evils of slavery.
Chapter 14
What did Anthony observe about slavery during her Washington visit?
At Mt. Vernon she found the estate in a state of delapidation and decay, writing that the mark of slavery overshadowed the whole and reflecting that Washington had been a slave master. Listening to Capitol debates, she abhorred slavery more than ever and noted its degenerating influence on master as well as slave. She confessed in her diary that she had grown accustomed to slavery, eating dinner without asking whether those serving her were slaves.
Chapter 14
How did Anthony defend Ernestine Rose at the Philadelphia convention?
When Rose was proposed for president, she encountered great prejudice even among liberal reformers as a foreigner and free-thinker. Anthony, surprised at the strength of feeling against her, fought for her behind the scenes, insisting that freedom of religion or the freedom to have no religion be observed in woman's rights conventions. She had the satisfaction of seeing Rose elected to the office.
Chapter 14
Section 154 cards
What two causes did Susan B. Anthony feel torn between when talking with Garrison?
The chapter says that while talking with William Lloyd Garrison, Anthony found herself torn between two great causes for human freedom: abolition and woman's rights. It was hard for her to decide which cause needed her more. Her brother Daniel had given her firsthand reports of the bitter, bloody antislavery contest in Kansas, which she had heard before leaving home.
Chapter 15
How did Uncle Joshua Read respond to the academy trustees urging Susan to return to teaching?
When the trustees of the academy in Canajoharie urged Susan to return there to teach, her uncle Joshua Read interrupted with a vehement "No!" He protested that others could teach, but it was Susan's work "to go around and set people thinking about the laws." The chapter notes she had been highly respected as a teacher there six years before.
Chapter 15
What did Wendell Phillips and Horace Greeley each contribute to Susan's campaign?
Susan wrote Wendell Phillips asking if money for a woman's rights campaign had been raised by the last national convention. He replied with his own personal check for fifty dollars, which touched her deeply since he was a hero to her second only to Garrison. Horace Greeley wrote that he would publish her programme in all his editions but returned her dollars.
Chapter 15
How did men and women typically respond to Susan's evening lectures in New York State?
Because men were the voters with power to change laws, Susan aimed to attract them to evening meetings. They usually came seeking diversion and listened respectfully; some scoffed or condemned her for undermining the home, but many found her reasoning logical and a few encouraged their wives to join. The women, by contrast, were timid or indifferent, and it was difficult to find one brave enough to head a woman's rights society.
Chapter 15
Section 163 cards
How did Susan B. Anthony finance her 1855 canvassing of fifty-four counties?
She sold 20,000 tracts and charged a small admission fee for her meetings. Her expenses were $2,291, and she ended with seventy dollars surplus. She promptly repaid the fifty dollars Wendell Phillips had advanced, but he returned it for her next campaign.
Chapter 16
Why did Anthony refuse the wealthy Quaker's marriage proposal?
She had dedicated her life to freeing women and Negroes and would not turn aside. She said if she ever married it must be to a man who would encourage her work for humanity, a great man like Wendell Phillips or a reformer like Parker Pillsbury.
Chapter 16
What did Anthony conclude after attending her first Republican party rally?
She heard speakers including Charles Sumner at a rally of northern Whigs, Free-Soilers, and anti-Nebraska Democrats opposing slavery's extension. She wrote that had birth placed her among the aristocracy of sex, she would likely be an active Republican, unless the higher light lifted her to where Garrison and Phillips stood with the motto 'No Union with Slaveholders.'
Chapter 16
Section 174 cards
Why did Susan B. Anthony dislike most preaching, according to her diary?
After hearing Thomas Wentworth Higginson at his Free Church in Worcester, Anthony wrote that it was not sitting under preaching she disliked, but that most of it was not of a stamp her soul could respond to. She contrasted this with Theodore Parker's sermon, which she said filled her soul.
Chapter 17
What did Anthony accomplish on her Boston visit in September?
She interrupted her cure to attend a woman's rights meeting in Boston, visited Francis Jackson's home with Lucy Stone and the Blackwells, met Eliza J. Eddy, took tea at the Garrisons', heard Theodore Parker preach, and called on Parker and Wendell Phillips to invite them to lecture in Rochester. Emerson was invited by letter, and all three promised to come.
Chapter 17
What did the New York legislature's judiciary committee report say about women?
The committee issued a sarcastic, irrelevant report to a Senate roaring with laughter, claiming women get the best seats, tidbits, and warmest places, that a lady's dress costs three times a gentleman's, and that married gentlemen were therefore the sufferers from inequality. Anthony read it with mounting indignation and wondered why woman's rights was only a joke to most men.
Chapter 17
What encouraging news did Lucy Stone report from Ohio and other states?
Lucy Stone wrote that Ohio's legislature passed a law giving wives equal property rights and mothers equal baby rights with fathers. Wisconsin suffrage petitions were presented and discussed but tabled with only three men defending them, and Nebraska's suffrage bill passed the House. Stone concluded, 'The world moves!' Anthony was reassured despite New York legislators laughing at her.
Chapter 17
Section 184 cards
What event in May 1856 drew the Anthony family's anxious attention to Kansas?
The wires reported the burning of Lawrence by proslavery "border ruffians" from Missouri and John Brown's retaliatory raid at Pottawatomie Creek. The whole Anthony family waited anxiously for news of Merritt, who had settled near Osawatomie and was eager to help Brown. Susan reread his letters to assure herself of his safety after reports of an attack in which thirty of fifty settlers were killed.
Chapter 18
Why did Greeley and Gerrit Smith withdraw support from Anthony's woman's rights work?
Horace Greeley wrote that he could no longer publish her notices free in the Tribune's news columns because they cast on him the stigma of ultraradicalism. Gerrit Smith withheld his previously generous financial support because woman's rights conventions would not press for dress reform—comfortable clothing for an active life—which he believed was the foundation stone of women's emancipation.
Chapter 18
What was Anthony's ideal doctrine, and why did she distrust political parties?
The author presents her ideal as the Garrisonian doctrine of "No Union with Slaveholders" and "Immediate Unconditional Emancipation," which courageously faced the "whole question" of slavery, with no compromise. Though drawn to the new Republican party and its stand against extending slavery into the territories, she distrusted parties because they eventually yielded to expediency, no matter how high their purpose at the start.
Chapter 18
What position did Anthony accept from the American Antislavery Society, and on what terms?
After the disappointing November elections that put James Buchanan in the presidency, she wrote Samuel May, Jr. that she would be glad to render even the most humble service to the cause. He replied that the Society put all New York under her control. For $10 a week and expenses, she arranged antislavery meetings, displayed posters reading "No Union with Slaveholders," and planned tours for speakers including the Fosters, Parker Pillsbury, Charles Remond, and Sarah Remond.
Chapter 18
Section 193 cards
What did the Dred Scott decision declare, and how did it affect Susan?
The Supreme Court declared the Constitution did not apply to Negroes, who were citizens of no state when it was adopted and so could not sue for freedom or claim freedom in the territories. It held the Missouri Compromise always void because Congress could not deprive citizens of property. Reading it with dismay, Susan was so aroused that she began making spontaneous speeches, freeing herself from written texts.
Chapter 19
What financial outcome did Susan's first antislavery season produce, and how did the Antislavery Society respond?
After paying her speakers, Susan faced a deficit of $1,000 at the end of the first season, which troubled her greatly. The Antislavery Society wrote that it would cheerfully pay her expenses and wanted to keep her at the head of the work, citing her business enterprise, practical sagacity, and platform ability, and viewing the $1,000 as a good investment in an exceptional worker.
Chapter 19
What hardships of campaigning does the chapter describe, especially regarding food?
The chapter describes animosity, cold, poor transportation, long hours, and wretched food taxing the workers' endurance. Susan complained in her diary about heavy bread, cake ruined with soda, and bad coffee, and about food fads: after long cold stagecoach rides, workers were served suppers of apples, nuts, and a baked mixture of coarse bran and water. The men often hurried away, leaving Susan to finish engagements among the food cranks.
Chapter 19
Section 204 cards
How did Susan B. Anthony respond to John Brown's raid and capture?
The chapter says Anthony admired and respected John Brown, believing he had saved Kansas for freedom, and was sure his motives were good despite his failed plans. She considered him a hero and a martyr, and after his conviction she planned a Rochester protest and mourning meeting if he were hanged, selling tickets door to door and collecting contributions for his destitute family.
Chapter 20
What did Garrison's Liberator say about John Brown's raid?
The chapter states Garrison's comment was colored by his instinctive opposition to all war and bloodshed. He called the raid "a misguided, wild, apparently insane though disinterested and well-intentioned effort by insurrection to emancipate the slaves of Virginia," yet added that no one who glories in the Revolutionary struggle of 1776 should deny the slaves' right to imitate the example of the fathers.
Chapter 20
How did different groups in the chapter view John Brown after Harper's Ferry?
Abolitionists pledged allegiance to his noble purpose, saying he wanted no bloodshed and meant the raid as a signal for slaves to rise and follow him to a mountain refuge. Southerners called him a cold-blooded murderer and accused "black Republicans" of taking abolitionist orders. Law-abiding northerners saw a menace, and Seward and Lincoln said violence and treason could not be excused even if slavery was wrong.
Chapter 20
What did Anthony write to Samuel May about antislavery's effect on her?
Anthony wrote that antislavery had made her "richer and braver in spirit" and called it "the school of schools for the true and full development of the nobler elements of life." She then described her raspberry field, strawberry bed, and promising fruit prospects, adding that it was more probable her soul had grown to appreciate Nature more fully than that nature itself had changed.
Chapter 20
Section 214 cards
What did Parker Pillsbury argue against regarding John Brown?
Pillsbury opposed any attempt to rescue John Brown, writing to Susan B. Anthony that rescue would inevitably lead to bloodshed that could not compensate for the loss. He believed that if the people dared murder their victim in the name of the law, the moral effect of the execution would be without parallel since the scenes on Calvary.
Chapter 21
How did reactions to John Brown's hanging differ between New York City and Boston?
In New York City, a large meeting overflowing into the streets resolved that the Harper's Ferry raid was a crime against both Virginia and the Union. In Boston, Ralph Waldo Emerson called Brown a new saint who would make the gallows glorious, and Longfellow wrote in his diary that it would be a great day and the date of a new revolution.
Chapter 21
What did Susan B. Anthony see as the remedy for women's confined lives?
The author shows Anthony believed women were hemmed in by their homes, bulky clothing, and a tradition of weakness, leaving them without breadth of view, courage, or stamina. She urged rescuing women from their hot-house existence through fresh-air physical exercise, and wondered why wealthy women left money for industrial and agricultural schools for boys alone rather than for girls.
Chapter 21
Why did Anthony want Elizabeth Stanton to write her coeducation speech?
Anthony panicked over the impending speech before the State Teachers' Association and begged Stanton to mark out a plan. She insisted no woman but Stanton could write from her standpoint, because others would base their strongest argument on the unlikeness of the sexes, which Anthony rejected. She stressed it mattered little who wrote it but vastly that it be well done.
Chapter 21
Section 224 cards
What reasons did Anthony give for educating the sexes together?
Anthony argued coeducation gives each sex true ideas of the other, that public and private funds favor male schools while female seminaries rely on tuition and cannot afford first-class professors, and that no school requires girls to declaim and discuss beside boys, robbing them of half an education. She concluded the sexes need like motives for acquirement.
Chapter 22
How did the president of the Massachusetts teachers' convention respond to Anthony's speech?
He praised it as a splendid production, well delivered, with nothing he would change in matter or manner. Yet he said he would rather have followed his wife or daughter to Greenwood cemetery than have her stand before that promiscuous audience and deliver that address, showing approval of her performance but not of women speaking publicly.
Chapter 22
What happened when Anthony proposed a coeducation resolution to the New York State Teachers' Association?
Enough women were present to carry the resolution, but most voted against it, listening instead to conservative men who prophesied coeducation would coarsen women and undermine marriage. She also offered resolutions protesting exclusion of Negroes from schools, academies, colleges, and universities, which brought much criticism upon her.
Chapter 22
Why did Anthony schedule national woman's rights conventions alongside antislavery conventions?
She scheduled them yearly in New York at the same time as antislavery conventions, assuring a brilliant array of speakers, since Garrisonian abolitionists were sincere advocates of woman's rights. Stanton wrote the calls and resolutions, Stone gave speeches and brought new speakers, and Anthony raised the money and persisted when conventions might otherwise have lapsed before the Civil War.
Chapter 22
Section 234 cards
Why did Susan chafe at Lucy Stone's delay in convention work?
Susan was impatient to continue the work and grew apprehensive when Lucy wrote she would not take responsibility for another convention until she had her "ten daughters." Susan felt Lucy regarded her own "common work" of hiring halls, engaging speakers, and raising money as unimportant, which rankled her because she expected Lucy to understand its significance.
Chapter 23
How did Elizabeth Stanton advise Susan to treat the young mothers?
Stanton, knowing from experience how torn a woman could be between family and the cause, pleaded with Susan to be patient. She urged Susan to let them rest in peace and quiet, think great thoughts for the future, and not keep stirring them up or mourning their repose, reminding her that a moral revolution cannot be brought about in a day or a year.
Chapter 23
What were Susan's views on marriage and sex, as described?
Susan thought marriage often interfered with women's talents and careers and dwarfed their individuality. She recorded Lucretia Mott's words that in true marriage independence is equal and dependence mutual. She rejected the theory that woman expresses love and man wisdom, and though her frankness was called "coarse" and "animal," she insisted to Stanton that sex is a fact, not coarse or gross.
Chapter 23
How did Aurora Leigh affect Susan's life and thinking?
Susan carried her copy everywhere, finding inspiration and refreshment after hard days and companionship in dreary hotel rooms. The poem strengthened her ambition and philosophy of life, and Browning's feminism echoed her own. Inspired by it, she planned the lecture "The True Woman," arguing women must develop their own personality and talents rather than sacrifice all for one man's love.
Chapter 23
Section 244 cards
Who gave $5,000 anonymously for the woman's rights cause, and who were the trustees?
Wendell Phillips wrote Susan that an anonymous donor gave $5,000 for the woman's rights cause, naming Phillips, Lucy Stone, and Susan as trustees to spend it wisely. The donor proved to be wealthy Bostonian Francis Jackson, in whose home Susan had visited years earlier with Lucy and Antoinette. Susan wanted the fund used for lectures, conventions, tracts, and newspaper articles.
Chapter 24
How did the three trustees want to spend the woman's rights fund?
Susan wanted all of it for lectures, conventions, tracts, and newspaper articles. Lucy Stone thought part should fund a legal challenge to the law taxing women without representation, and Antoinette wanted a share to establish a church where she could preach woman's rights with the Gospel. Phillips and Stone agreed Susan should get $1,500 for her New York campaign.
Chapter 24
What did the 1860 New York Married Women's Property Law grant married women?
Under the law a married woman could hold real and personal property without her husband's interference, carry on a trade and collect her own earnings, buy, sell, and make contracts, and sue and be sued. If her husband had abandoned her or was insane, a convict, or a habitual drunkard, his consent was unnecessary. She was joint guardian of her children and gained rights on his death equal to his at hers.
Chapter 24
How did Susan and Elizabeth Cady Stanton collaborate on the 1860 Albany speech?
Susan brought her facts and statistics to Seneca Falls and discussed the subject with Mrs. Stanton late into the night. Next morning Stanton wrote the speech alone while Susan fed the children, sent them to school, watched the babies, and made desserts. Stanton's imagination turned Susan's hard facts into moving prose, and Susan critiqued every weak argument. Stanton delivered it before a joint session of the legislature in March 1860.
Chapter 24
Section 253 cards
Why did Stanton and Anthony bring up divorce at the 1860 convention?
The Greeley-Owen debates in the Tribune over a liberal New York divorce bill were the direct cause. Anthony and Stanton believed the social question lay at the bottom of women's rights and could no longer be kept separate. Stanton offered resolutions arguing that an ill-assorted marriage is a calamity, not a crime, and that laws forcing its continuance usurp authority never delegated to man.
Chapter 25
How did Wendell Phillips and Antoinette Blackwell react to Stanton's divorce resolutions?
Blackwell argued the marriage relation must be lifelong and as permanent and indissoluble as that of parent and child. Phillips moved that the resolutions be laid on the table and expunged from the record, asserting the convention met to discuss laws resting unequally on men and women, not those resting equally on both. Ernestine Rose came to Stanton's defense.
Chapter 25
What did Anthony write Lucy Stone about the social question three years earlier?
Anthony wrote that she had once agreed the social question must be kept separate from woman's rights, but that the movement was really Human Rights, not Woman's specially. She argued they had played on the surface long enough: property, voting, and dress rights were all to the good, but Social Freedom lay at the bottom of all, and without it woman remains the slave of man.
Chapter 25
Section 264 cards
How did Anthony respond to Rev. Mayo's claim she shouldn't discuss marriage because unmarried?
Rev. A. D. Mayo reproved Anthony, saying she was not married and had no business discussing marriage. She retorted, "Well, Mr. Mayo, you are not a slave. Suppose you quit lecturing on slavery." The exchange shows Anthony defending her right to speak on marriage despite her single status, using an analogy to abolitionist advocacy.
Chapter 26
What happened to Stanton's divorce resolutions at the convention?
After heated debate, Stanton's resolutions were laid on the table but not expunged from the record, and the convention adjourned. Newspapers fanned the flames pro and con, mostly portraying Anthony and Stanton as dangerous examples of freedom for women. The outcome preserved the resolutions in the record while setting them aside for the moment.
Chapter 26
Why did Anthony refuse to support Lincoln in the 1860 election?
Anthony, a nonvoting Garrisonian abolitionist, saw no hope in any party's promises. Even Republican opposition to extending slavery seemed mild to her, and supporting Lincoln was unthinkable because he favored enforcing the Fugitive Slave Law and had said he was not in favor of Negro citizenship. She would not vote for the "least of two evils."
Chapter 26
What did Anthony say cautious people can never do?
Anthony commented that cautious, careful people always casting about to preserve reputation and social standing can never bring about a reform. Those truly in earnest must be willing to be anything or nothing in the world's estimation and publicly and privately avow sympathy with despised ideas and their advocates, bearing the consequences.
Chapter 26
Section 274 cards
What did Susan B. Anthony urge the North to prove to the South?
She urged the North to prove by its acts that it fully recognized the humanity of the black man and respected his rights in all its educational, industrial, social, and political associations. The chapter notes this asked far more than the North was ready to give, but to Susan it was the justice she must demand.
Chapter 27
Why did abolitionists welcome threats of southern secession?
They had long preached 'No Union with Slaveholders,' believing dissolution would prevent slavery's further expansion into new western territories, lessen slavery's damaging influence on northern institutions, and relieve the North of complicity in maintaining slavery. Garrison's Liberator had already asked whether the South would oblige by seceding.
Chapter 27
What did the Crittenden Compromise propose, and who favored it?
It would re-establish the Mason-Dixon line, protect slavery where already legal, sanction the domestic slave trade, guarantee federal payment for escaped slaves, and forbid Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia without Virginia and Maryland's consent. Thurlow Weed, speaking for eastern financial interests, and other powerful Republicans favored it.
Chapter 27
How did Albany's mayor respond to the abolitionist meeting?
Democratic mayor George H. Thatcher was determined to uphold free speech despite overwhelming opposition. He called at the Delavan House, escorted the abolitionists to their hall, and sat on the platform with a revolver across his knees while police put down disturbances. He later warned he could not hold the mob and begged Susan to cancel remaining meetings; she consented.
Chapter 27
Section 284 cards
Whom did Susan B. Anthony help hide in New York City, and why?
She helped Mrs. Phelps, a cultured, intelligent woman whom Anthony considered a slave to her husband under the law, along with her thirteen-year-old daughter. Both traveled in disguise on Christmas Day. Anthony acted as her friends of the Underground Railroad had, defying the Fugitive Slave Law to shelter a fugitive wife.
Chapter 28
How did Anthony answer Garrison's argument that Massachusetts law gives the father full guardianship?
She replied that United States law gives the slaveholder ownership of the slave, and abolitionists break it whenever they help a slave to Canada. She called the father's sole ownership of children just as wicked and said she would break it just as quickly, declaring she would die before giving up the child to its father.
Chapter 28
What did Anthony find most trying about this episode, and what did she write in her diary?
The most trying part was the attitude of Garrison and Phillips, who failed to see that the freedom they claimed for the Negro was also essential for women. She wondered whether loyalty to sex or unconscious clinging to dominance kept them from understanding, and wrote that very many abolitionists had yet to learn the ABC of woman's rights.
Chapter 28
Why did Anthony finally set aside woman's rights work in 1861?
Six more southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America, and the crisis drew her colleagues' attention to saving the Union. She tried to prepare the annual New York woman's rights convention, but no dependable friends would help. Only after Fort Sumter and the President's call for troops, when abolitionists canceled their New York meetings, did she reluctantly concede that woman's rights must yield.
Chapter 28
Section 294 cards
How did leading abolitionists like Garrison and Phillips respond to the outbreak of war?
Despite Garrison's reputation as a nonresistant, he sympathized with the government, seeing the war as a "grand uprising of the manhood of the North." He removed the Liberator's slogan "No Union with Slaveholders" and urged abolitionists to support Lincoln and not divide the North. Wendell Phillips declared for war before a Boston audience, and even Samuel J. May compared the war's sacrifices to the crucifixion.
Chapter 29
Why did Susan B. Anthony feel disillusioned with her fellow abolitionists during the war?
She believed abolitionists had abandoned principle for expediency, adopting the world's motto that "the end justifies the means." She felt their position was humiliating—like politicians—and was ashamed that even the "little Apostolic number" had yielded. She insisted it was their duty to bear testimony even louder than before, and was troubled that most antislavery friends, unlike Lydia Mott, abandoned uncompromising nonresistance.
Chapter 29
What did Anthony record doing on the farm while her father traveled West?
Left in charge, she turned to hard physical work as release for pent-up energy. Her diary records superintending the plowing of the orchard, getting the last load of hay into the barn, washing every window, putting a quilted petticoat in the frame, and quilting all day—though she noted sewing seemed no longer her calling. She also fitted out a fugitive slave for Canada with Harriet Tubman's help.
Chapter 29
What did Anthony want the government to do about slavery, and what did Stanton think about women's wartime role?
Anthony wished the government would move quickly, proclaim freedom to every slave, and call on able-bodied Black men to enlist, calling the blotting out of slavery the only compensation for the war. She was skeptical of Stanton's view that if women devoted themselves to winning the war, they would unquestionably be rewarded with full citizenship—and was disappointed that even the best women were willing to be swept aside.
Chapter 29
Section 304 cards
What did the amended 1860 Married Woman's Property Law take from New York women?
While women's attention was focused on the war, the New York legislature amended the newly won Married Woman's Property Law of 1860. It removed from mothers the right to equal guardianship of their children and from widows the control of property left at the death of their husbands. Susan B. Anthony called the news crushing and said women deserved to suffer for their confidence in man's sense of justice.
Chapter 30
Why did Anthony lecture on her own when other reformers urged waiting?
Unable to stir interest in woman's rights during the war, Anthony began her own lecture tour to make people understand the war must be fought for the Negroes' freedom. She told Lydia Mott she could not stay silent in such an hour, and that one's power for public work slips away if one stays too long snuggled in the Abrahamic bosom of home. She said she spoke extempore, more to her satisfaction than ever.
Chapter 30
What did Anthony argue about emancipation and reconstruction on the old slaveholding basis?
Anthony declared it was impossible longer to hold the African race in bondage or to reconstruct the Republic on the old slaveholding basis. She argued slaves who had tasted the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Liberty would not quietly return to bondage, so there could be no reconstruction on the old basis. She added that recognizing the southern Confederacy's independence would be far less degrading and ruinous.
Chapter 30
What did Anthony think of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and what revived her after her father's death?
Lincoln's promise of freedom on January 1, 1863, to slaves in states in armed rebellion seemed wholly inadequate to Anthony and fellow abolitionists because it left slavery untouched in the border states, though it encouraged hope. After her father's sudden death in November 1862, grief left her with no heart for anything, and not even the Proclamation roused her. A letter from Henry Stanton urging her to put on her armor and go forth finally moved her to war work.
Chapter 30
Section 314 cards
What did Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton organize in 1863 to advance women's political involvement?
They organized a Women's National Loyal League, announced through an Appeal to the Women of the Republic sent out in March 1863. The League aimed to bring women abreast of the issues of the day and to arouse public opinion to demand a Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery. Anthony proposed a resolution that there can never be true peace until the civil and political rights of all citizens, including Negroes and women, are established.
Chapter 31
Why did Anthony reject nursing and army housekeeping as her wartime contribution?
Although she had nursed her own family and was an expert housekeeper and good executive, Anthony felt no call to nurse the wounded or supervise army housekeeping. She looked instead for an important task other women would not take up, believing it was not enough for women to be angels of mercy. She felt northern women lacked awareness and patriotic fervor and needed someone to stimulate their thinking about the basic issues of the war.
Chapter 31
What problems in the North troubled Anthony and Stanton as they planned their organization?
They were troubled by low morale in the North and by Copperhead propaganda, an antiwar, pro-Southern group spreading discontent and disrespect for the government. Profiteering was flagrant, with fortunes built through speculation and war contracts while most people faced high prices and low wages. No decisive victory had yet encouraged confidence in ultimate triumph over the South, and northern women were being unfavorably compared with southern women in the press.
Chapter 31
How did Anthony and Stanton intend petitions to serve the antislavery cause?
Anthony reasoned that if petitions had won the Woman's Property Law in New York, they could win the Thirteenth Amendment. She set as her goal the largest petition ever presented to Congress. The men they consulted, including Greeley, Beecher, Tilton, and Robert Dale Owen, agreed the Emancipation Proclamation must be implemented by an act of Congress and a constitutional amendment, and that public opinion must be aroused to demand it.
Chapter 31
Section 323 cards
What was the Women's National Loyal League's immediate task?
Organized with Anthony as secretary and Stanton as president, the League sent Lincoln a letter thanking him for the Emancipation Proclamation and assuring him of loyalty. Its immediate task was circulating petitions asking Congress to emancipate 'all persons of African descent held in involuntary servitude.' Anthony described the plan as to 'canvass the nation for freedom.'
Chapter 32
How did Anthony fund and expand the petition campaign?
Anthony bore initial costs herself, rented Room 20 at Cooper Institute, and asked signers for a penny, slowly raising $3,000. Beecher collected $200 at Plymouth Church, Gerrit Smith sent $100, Frémont $50, and lecturers at Cooper Union swelled funds. Senator Sumner later sent petitions under his frank to save postage.
Chapter 32
Why did Anthony and the Stantons oppose Lincoln's re-election in 1864?
The author states they feared premature reconstruction under Lincoln and cited his Amnesty Proclamation as leniency toward rebels. They saw danger in leaving free Negroes under control of embittered southerners and called for Negro suffrage as protection against oppressive laws, opposing Louisiana's readmission without enfranchisement. Lincoln favored suffrage only for literate Negroes and military veterans, so they backed Frémont.
Chapter 32
Section 333 cards
Why did Susan B. Anthony refuse to profess confidence in Lincoln in 1864?
She wrote to Anna E. Dickinson that it is only safe to seek and act the truth, and that to profess confidence in Lincoln would be a lie in her. She rejected the Liberator's and Antislavery Standard's cry to re-elect Lincoln, noting they no longer preached the old doctrine of choosing neither of two evils.
Chapter 33
What did Wendell Phillips write to Mrs. Stanton about aiding McClellan or Lincoln?
Phillips wrote that he would cut off both hands before doing anything to aid McClellan's election, and cut off his right hand before aiding Lincoln's election. He wholly distrusted Lincoln's fitness to settle the matter and indeed his purpose. Anthony valued Phillips's judgment and vision above any other man's.
Chapter 33
What did Anthony call 'the work of the hour' in reconstruction?
She wrote to Anna E. Dickinson that the work of the hour was not alone to put down the Rebels in arms but to educate thirty millions of people into the idea of a True Republic. Every influence and power of both men and women would be needed to reconstruct the Nation on the broad basis of justice and equality.
Chapter 33
Section 343 cards
Why did Susan travel to Kansas in January 1865?
Daniel sent Susan a ticket and a check for a trip to Kansas, and she went after her Rochester dressmaker finished a new five-dollar silk she had bought in New York. Before leaving, she pasted Longfellow's poem "Something Left Undone" into her diary, feeling its lines matched her own sense that something always remained undone.
Chapter 34
What did Daniel forbid Susan from advocating in his newspaper?
While Susan helped Daniel edit the Bulletin during his campaign for a second term as mayor, he warned her not to fill the paper with woman's rights and, despite his sympathy for the Negro, forbade her to advocate Negro suffrage in it. She instead organized an Equal Rights League among the ex-slaves in Leavenworth.
Chapter 34
Which side did Susan take in the antislavery society dispute?
When Garrison wanted to dissolve the American Antislavery Society after ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment and Phillips insisted it continue until Negro freedom was established, Susan sided with Phillips. She called the disbanding as untimely as Grant's and Sherman's parole and pardon of the whole Rebel armies, and argued Congress had the right to demand Negro suffrage in returning Rebel states.
Chapter 34
Section 353 cards
What did Republicans suggest Anthony change about her Ottumwa Fourth of July speech?
They were enthusiastic and urged her to publish it, but suggested she delete the passage on woman suffrage. This was her first intimation that Republicans might balk at enfranchising women, despite women's wartime contributions and their role in creating sentiment for the Thirteenth Amendment.
Chapter 35
Why did Anthony and Stanton welcome a Fourteenth Amendment for woman suffrage?
Previously committed to state action only because it had seemed the necessary first step, both women welcomed the more direct road offered by a constitutional amendment. They saw in the revision a just and logical opportunity to extend woman's rights at the same time as civil rights and the ballot for the Negro.
Chapter 35
What did Anthony argue about literacy versus sex as a basis for limiting suffrage?
She and Stanton argued that Negroes should by all means be enfranchised, but women as well, and if suffrage must be limited, the limitation should rest on literacy rather than on sex. They contended that women, after seventeen years of seeking full citizenship, deserved precedence over the Negro.
Chapter 35
Section 364 cards
What did the House resolution propose regarding the Fourteenth Amendment?
Politicians introduced a resolution in the House of Representatives writing the word "male" into the qualifications of voters in the second section of the proposed Fourteenth Amendment. Reading this in her newspaper, Susan B. Anthony started at once for the East.
Chapter 36
What did the January 1866 petitions to Congress represent?
They were the very first demand ever made for Congressional action on woman suffrage. Senator Sumner presented one under protest as "most inopportune," and Thaddeus Stevens ignored a New York petition headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, despite both men being basically friendly to woman suffrage.
Chapter 36
Why did Anthony turn to Democratic congressmen for help?
She concluded Sumner and Stevens were devoted wholly to Negro suffrage and party influence, so no help would come from lesser Republicans. She found James Brooks, Democratic House leader, willing to present her petitions, though abolitionists saw him as a Copperhead. Democrats supported her from justice, belief in white women's precedence, or to harass Republicans.
Chapter 36
What happened to Theodore Tilton's plan for an American Equal Rights Association?
Tilton proposed merging the American Antislavery Society and the woman's rights group into an American Equal Rights Association fighting for equal rights for all. Wendell Phillips was cool to it, noting the society's constitution must first be amended. At the May 1866 convention, no formal notice had been given, so the antislavery members could not vote on the union.
Chapter 36
Section 374 cards
What did Anthony propose regarding the scope of the woman's rights platform?
Anthony declared that after twenty years of pressing women's claims, the war had returned the whole suffrage question to the U.S. Constitution. She argued taxation and representation must be inseparable, so the demand must go beyond woman. She therefore wished to broaden the woman's rights platform into what it had always been in spirit: a human rights platform.
Chapter 37
How did Wendell Phillips and Theodore Tilton respond to the Equal Rights Association campaign plan?
Phillips said the time was ripe to strike the word 'white' from the New York constitution but not 'male,' which could wait twenty or thirty years. Tilton agreed and said striking 'male' would be presented only as an intellectual theory, not a practical goal. Anthony replied she would sooner cut off her right hand than ask the ballot for the black man and not for woman.
Chapter 37
What did Anthony and Stanton resolve after their disillusionment with Phillips and Tilton?
Stanton stayed to heal the breach but was highly indignant, declaring she was through boosting the Negro over her own head. That evening she and Anthony vowed to devote themselves with all their might and main to woman suffrage and to that alone, resolving their woman's rights organization into the American Equal Rights Association before this rupture.
Chapter 37
Why did the Fourteenth Amendment alarm Anthony and Stanton despite its citizenship clause?
The first section conferred citizenship on all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., which seemed to assure women's rights. But the second section used 'male inhabitants' and 'male citizens' to define legal voters, writing discrimination against women into the federal Constitution for the first time. Anthony reasoned 'we, the people' must include women.
Chapter 37
Section 383 cards
What happened when Senator Cowan moved to strike the word 'male' from the D.C. suffrage bill?
During December 1866 debate on Benjamin Wade's bill to enfranchise every male person in the District of Columbia without distinction of color or race, Senator Cowan of Pennsylvania, an irregular Republican, offered an amendment striking out 'male.' He argued the case eloquently and forced Republicans to show their hands. After a three-day debate, nine votes were counted for woman suffrage and thirty-seven against.
Chapter 38
How did Susan interpret the Senate defeat, and how did the press respond?
Susan recorded even this defeat as progress, since woman suffrage had for the first time been debated in Congress and prominent Senators had treated it with respect. The Republican press, however, showed definite disapproval, including Horace Greeley's New York Tribune editorial 'A Cry from the Females.' With the Democratic press solidly opposed and the Antislavery Standard avoiding the subject, no favorable words reached the public.
Chapter 38
Why did many antislavery women abandon the woman's rights cause at this time?
Persuaded that this was 'the Negro's hour,' antislavery women one by one temporarily deserted the cause, believing they must be generous, renounce their own claims, and work only for Negroes' civil and political rights. Fewer than a dozen remained steadfast, including Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, and Ernestine Rose, and for a time Lucy Stone, who urged Whittier to persuade Wendell Phillips to reconsider.
Chapter 38
Section 393 cards
What did Horace Greeley tell Stanton and Anthony when they asked for Tribune space?
He refused emphatically, saying they must not agitate for woman suffrage and should help remove the word "white" from the constitution, declaring "This is the Negro's hour.... Your turn will come next." Convinced this was also woman's hour, Susan disregarded his opinions and threats and circulated woman suffrage petitions across the state.
Chapter 39
How did Anthony answer Greeley's question about whether women would fight if they voted?
She replied, "Yes, Mr. Greeley, just as you fought in the late war--at the point of a goose quill." She then reminded delegates that several hundred women had fought in the Civil War disguised as men and were discharged in disgrace rather than honored or paid. She had also told delegates women would eventually serve as jurors and be drafted.
Chapter 39
Why did Greeley say he opposed woman suffrage in his letter to Conway?
He cited his axiom that governments derive just powers from the consent of the governed, claimed he sought information and nearly all agreed the women of the state did not choose to vote, and accepted their choice as decisive, as he had supported enfranchising Blacks because they did wish to vote. He added that female suffrage seemed to upset the family relation.
Chapter 39
Section 404 cards
Why did Susan Anthony have to fund the Kansas campaign herself?
Further grants from the Jackson Fund were cut off by an unfavorable court decision, and the Hovey Fund trustees refused to finance a woman suffrage campaign in Kansas. Anthony told State Senator Samuel N. Wood that every speaker must pay her own expenses unless money came from an unexpected source, and she drew on almost her last hundred dollars to go.
Chapter 40
How did Anthony pay for 60,000 Kansas tracts?
She solicited advertisements up and down Broadway during the heat of July and August, collecting enough to pay the printer for 60,000 tracts. These ran alongside speeches by Henry Ward Beecher, Theodore Parker, George William Curtis, and John Stuart Mill, and carried ads for Howe sewing machines, Mme. Demorest's millinery, Browning's washing machines, and Decker pianofortes.
Chapter 40
How did Kansas audiences receive Stanton versus Anthony?
Stanton was welcomed at once with enthusiasm; being the mother of seven children as well as a brilliant orator opened the way, and her motherliness and humor built rapport. Anthony had to overcome newspaper caricatures of her as a meddlesome reformer and sour old maid, but her friendliness and sincerity gradually won respect. The preference was obvious to Anthony but aroused no jealousy.
Chapter 40
Why did George Francis Train come to Kansas and what effect did he have?
The St. Louis Suffrage Association urged Train to aid the women, and he telegraphed willingness to win the Democratic vote and pay his own expenses. Anthony knew little of him beyond wealth, eccentricity, and Union Pacific interests, and turned to Kansas friends for advice. He drew large curious audiences with flamboyant dress and rapid-fire ridicule of Republicans, winning over even hostile Irish railroad workers.
Chapter 40
Section 413 cards
Why did the Republican press vilify George Francis Train during the Kansas campaign?
The Republican press called Train a Copperhead and ridiculed his eccentricities and conceits. Eastern Republicans, fearing their opposition to woman suffrage had harmed the Negro amendment in Kansas, made last-minute appeals to support both amendments, including a halfhearted Horace Greeley editorial. These appeals came too late, as the political machine in Kansas had already done its work.
Chapter 41
On what issue did Anthony and Train sharply disagree, and what choice did she make?
Train rated the whole Negro race as inferior and opposed enfranchising Negroes before women. Anthony had always regarded Negroes as her equals. Campaigning with Train, she had to choose between Negroes and women; she chose women, just as her abolitionist friends in the East had chosen the Negro. Their indifference to woman suffrage seemed as unforgivable to her as his valuation of Negroes did to them.
Chapter 41
What did Train offer on the prairie, and what paper resulted?
Train asked why woman suffrage people had no paper; Anthony answered, 'Not lack of brains, but lack of money.' He said simply, 'I will give you the money.' That evening he announced The Revolution: motto 'Men their rights, and nothing more; women, their rights and nothing less,' weekly at $2 per year, edited by Stanton and Pillsbury, with Anthony as proprietor.
Chapter 41
Section 424 cards
Why did Anthony and Stanton accept Train's financial backing despite friends' warnings?
They knew campaigning for woman suffrage would estrange old friends with or without Train, and without his money their work would be ineffectual. With his backing they could spread their message in major cities and had the promise of a paper, which they desperately needed since other news channels were closed to them. They admitted Train was eccentric and some financial theories unsound, but Susan found him a man of high principles.
Chapter 42
How did the Republican and Democratic press react to the Stanton-Anthony-Train tour?
The lively meetings drew large crowds and plenty of publicity. Democratic papers were complimentary, while the Republican press was sarcastic and hostile. Headlines usually read "Woman Suffrage," but sometimes "Woman Suffrage and Greenbacks" or "Train for President." Most old suffragist and abolitionist friends shunned them, having been warned against this folly by eastern colleagues.
Chapter 42
What was The Revolution, and why did Anthony open its pages to Train and Melliss?
The Revolution was Anthony's new paper, named to express the stirring up of thought needed to establish justice for women, Negroes, workingmen and workingwomen, and all who were oppressed. Its editors were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury. Brought up on the antislavery platform where free speech was the watchword, Susan willingly gave Train space and Melliss a financial column in return for financial backing.
Chapter 42
What did Anthony write in her diary on January 1, 1868, about the coalition against her?
She wrote that all the old friends, with scarce an exception, were sure she and Stanton were wrong. Despite this, she wrote that only time could tell, but she believed they were right and hence bound to succeed. The coalition was forming in the East while she and Stanton traveled homeward, enjoying comfortable hotels and enthusiastic audiences.
Chapter 42
Section 434 cards
What did The Revolution promise to cover beyond women's suffrage?
The Revolution promised to discuss educated suffrage irrespective of sex or color, equal pay for women for equal work, and practical education for girls as well as boys. It also planned to address the eight-hour day, labor problems, and George Francis Train's new financial policy for America, which included buying only American goods, encouraging immigration, greenbacks, and penny ocean postage.
Chapter 43
How did Susan B. Anthony respond to President Johnson refusing her subscription request?
Johnson said he had a thousand such solicitations daily. Anthony countered that he had never before had such a request in his life, then argued that she and Stanton had boldly told Republicans for two years to give ballots to women as well as Negroes, and that The Revolution would drive the party to that conclusion or break it apart. She reported this brought him to his pocketbook, and he signed.
Chapter 43
Why did The Revolution oppose the impeachment of President Johnson?
The Revolution called the impeachment a political maneuver by Republicans to confuse the people and divert attention from corruption, high prices, taxation, and the fabulous wealth amassed by the few. This drew disapproval from Wendell Phillips, Theodore Tilton, and Horace Greeley, who regarded Johnson as a traitor. The author notes Susan was awake to radical Republicans' political manipulations.
Chapter 43
What financial difficulties did The Revolution face after Train left?
Train sailed for England, was arrested for Irish sympathies, and spent months in a Dublin jail, sending thoughts but no money. He had left $600 with Susan and told Melliss to make payments, but this soon became impossible. Circulation was small, advertisers were hard to get since she refused patent medicines and questionable products, and the deficit piled up. Her goal was 100,000 subscribers.
Chapter 43
Section 443 cards
Why did The Revolution oppose the Fourteenth Amendment?
The Revolution repudiated the Fourteenth Amendment and instead called for an amendment granting universal suffrage—suffrage for both women and Negroes. It also noted that Connecticut, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Pennsylvania had refused to enfranchise their Negroes, and asked why Negro suffrage should be forced on the South before the North accepted it.
Chapter 44
How did the press receive The Revolution?
Horace Greeley's New York Tribune and the Antislavery Standard ignored it entirely. The New York Times ridiculed it, and the Home Journal called it 'plucky, keen, and wide awake, although some of its ways are not at all to our taste.' Theodore Tilton predicted it would arouse, thrill, edify, amuse, vex, and non-plus its friends but command attention.
Chapter 44
What did Garrison and Lucy Stone object to in Susan's course?
Garrison wrote of his regret and astonishment that Susan and Mrs. Stanton had taken leave of their senses, become infatuated with the Democratic party, and associated with George Francis Train, whom he called a 'crack-brained harlequin and semi-lunatic.' Lucy Stone's bitter criticism and distrust of Susan's motives wounded her deeply. Stanton's published reply invoked Garrison's own past as a pelted fanatic.
Chapter 44
Section 454 cards
What did Frederick Douglass and the men at the meetings assert that troubled Anthony most?
At the American Equal Rights Association meetings, Frederick Douglass asserted, and all the men present agreed, that Negro suffrage was more urgent than woman suffrage. This assertion troubled Anthony more than the animosity directed against her by Henry Blackwell and Lucy Stone. Despite this, she wrote Higginson that she could never hinder anyone who worked nobly in the cause in their own way and time.
Chapter 45
What committee did Anthony form after abandoning persuasion of the American Equal Rights Association?
Anthony formed a small committee headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, including Elizabeth Smith Miller, Abby Hopper Gibbons, and Mary Cheney Greeley, whose husband Horace now opposed woman suffrage but who still stood for it. With The Revolution as its mouthpiece, it became a clearing house for woman suffrage organizations nationwide and called itself the Woman's Suffrage Association of America.
Chapter 45
How did the Democrats respond to Anthony's memorial at their convention?
Anthony, Stanton, and several women walked into the Democratic convention, and Seymour received their memorial graciously, announcing it and having the secretary read it while the audience shouted and cheered. The memorial appealed to Democrats as the party that had removed property qualifications from white men. Anthony was not allowed to speak, and the memorial was hurriedly referred to the Resolutions committee where it could be overlooked.
Chapter 45
What did The Revolution call for after both parties nominated reactionary tickets?
After the Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour and Frank Blair and the Republicans nominated Grant and Colfax, The Revolution called for a new people's party devoted to the welfare of all the people. In a signed editorial, Anthony argued both parties were only trying to save themselves, that humanity had no hope in their hands, and that The Revolution called for construction, not reconstruction.
Chapter 45
Section 464 cards
Why did the workingwomen refuse to call their group a suffrage association?
At the meeting in The Revolution office, Susan proposed the name Workingwomen's Suffrage Association, but the majority refused. They feared public disapproval of woman suffrage and believed they should not seek political rights until working conditions improved. Susan thought this put the cart before the horse. They formed Workingwomen's Association No. 1 and elected her their delegate to the National Labor Congress.
Chapter 46
Why was Mrs. Stanton initially unwelcome at the National Labor Congress?
All the women delegates were welcomed except Mrs. Stanton, who represented a woman suffrage organization. The rank and file feared her acceptance might signal that the Labor Congress endorsed votes for women. Eighteen union men threatened to resign if she were admitted. A resolution was finally adopted stating her acceptance did not commit the Congress to her "peculiar ideas" or to Female Suffrage.
Chapter 46
How did Susan use Kate Mullaney's Troy strike to argue for the ballot?
Kate Mullaney led a well-organized union of 500 collar laundry workers whose strike failed after an employer-funded newspaper campaign. Susan asked whether 500 carpenters or masons would have succeeded; Kate said yes, noting bricklayers won everything because they were voters whom newspapers respected. Susan argued that if the collar women had been voters, they would have held the balance of political power in Troy.
Chapter 46
What did the committee on female labor recommend, and what was deleted?
The committee urged women to secure the ballot, learn trades, join or form protective unions, and use honorable means to force equal pay for equal work. It asked the National Labor Congress to aid women's unions, demand the eight-hour day for women, and seek equal pay laws for government employ. The phrase "to secure the ballot" was challenged and deleted before acceptance.
Chapter 46
Section 474 cards
What advice did Susan give women workers about how to be treated by employers?
She urged women to accept the lean with the fat and be early and late at the case just as men are. She demanded equal pay only for those doing work of equal value, told women to scorn being coddled by employers, and to make employers understand they are workers in their service, not women.
Chapter 47
What did the ragpickers investigation reveal about women's opportunity and pay?
The committee found that more than half of the 1,200 ragpickers were women, and that ragpicking was the one occupation where women had equal opportunity with men and received equal compensation for a day's work. Average earnings ranged from forty cents a day to ten dollars a week. The report was highly sentimental by later standards.
Chapter 47
Why did wealthy women refuse to finance Susan's cooperative sewing shop?
When the Sewing Machine Operators Union tried to establish a profit-sharing shop, Susan sought financing from wealthy women eager to help their sisters. They did not respond, viewing a cooperative as a first step toward socialism and a threat to their own profits. Susan did, however, stir some interest in working women's problems among Sorosis literary club members.
Chapter 47
Why did labor men condemn Susan over the printers' strike?
Eager to bring women into better-paying printing work, Susan urged young women to take striking typesetters' places at whatever wage they could get, never considering she might be breaking the strike. Labor men accused her of being an enemy of labor and noted she belonged to no union, though she had supported the Women's Typographical Union.
Chapter 47
Section 484 cards
How did Susan B. Anthony characterize the Workingwomen's Association's purpose?
She admitted it was not a trade organization. She said she joined working people heart and hand in their trade unions and in anything protecting them from capitalist and employer oppression, but that their association stood on the broad platform of philosophizing on general labor questions and discussing how to ameliorate working people's condition generally.
Chapter 48
What did the Hester Vaughn case lead Anthony to advocate?
After Vaughn, a workingwoman convicted of infanticide without proof of deliberate killing, was pardoned through Anthony's efforts, Anthony used the publicity to show poverty and a double moral standard victimized such women. She pointed to the need for women jurors to ensure unprejudiced trials and suggested Columbia University Law School admit women so they could understand their legal rights.
Chapter 48
How did employers and families react to the Workingwomen's Association?
Employers grew irritated and some threatened instant dismissal of any employee who reported her wages or hours to the association. Fear of losing jobs hung over many women, while others were forbidden by their fathers, husbands, and brothers to have anything to do with Susan B. Anthony.
Chapter 48
What did Anthony and Stanton seek in the Fifteenth Amendment?
Susan hoped the Fifteenth Amendment would enfranchise women as well as Negroes. Through her Woman's Suffrage Association of America she petitioned Congress to make no distinction between men and women in any amendment extending or regulating suffrage, and she and Stanton persuaded Senator Pomeroy and Congressman Julian to introduce December 1868 resolutions basing suffrage on citizenship without distinction of race, color, or sex.
Chapter 48
Section 494 cards
What did Susan B. Anthony organize in Washington in January 1869?
She called together the first woman suffrage convention ever held in Washington. It drew women from as far west as Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, gained importance from Senator Pomeroy's opening speech, and received nationwide notice through detailed, respectful reporting by the New York World and Grace Greenwood of the Philadelphia Press.
Chapter 49
How did the Fifteenth Amendment's wording disappoint Anthony?
Despite her efforts to have the word "sex" added, a version ignoring women was submitted to the states: it barred denying or abridging the vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, with no mention of sex. The author presents this omission as a bitter disappointment that pushed Anthony and Stanton toward their own amendment.
Chapter 49
What was the first federal woman suffrage amendment proposed in Congress?
Introduced by Congressman Julian on March 15, 1869, it provided that the right of suffrage be based on citizenship without distinction or discrimination because of sex. Julian had come to Anthony and Stanton's aid after the Fifteenth Amendment's omission, though he still regarded Negro suffrage as more immediately important and absorbing.
Chapter 49
Why did Stephen Foster oppose Anthony and Stanton at the Equal Rights convention?
He argued they had repudiated the Association's principles: their paper advocated educated suffrage while the Association stood for universal suffrage, and they had collaborated with George Francis Train, who ridiculed Negroes and opposed their enfranchisement. He also accused Anthony of failing to keep adequate accounts, which she denied and Henry Blackwell corroborated her denial.
Chapter 49
Section 503 cards
What did Susan Anthony argue about the order of suffrage for women and Black men?
The author presents Anthony arguing that if the whole loaf of justice cannot be given to an entire people, it should go to the most intelligent first, and that the question of woman should be brought up before that of the Negro. She protested the Fifteenth Amendment because it was not Equal Rights and would place two million more men as tyrants over two million women.
Chapter 50
How was the National Woman Suffrage Association formed at the convention's close?
At a reception for delegates at the Women's Bureau, dissatisfaction with the Equal Rights Association culminated in a spontaneous demand for a new organization focused on woman suffrage and the Sixteenth Amendment. Anthony turned the reception temporarily into a business meeting. Women from nineteen states formed the National Woman Suffrage Association, with Stanton as president and Anthony on the executive committee.
Chapter 50
What did Lucy Stone say about the Fifteenth Amendment and woman suffrage?
Stone disagreed with Douglass that Negro suffrage was more urgent than woman suffrage, noting white Northern women were robbed of their children by law as Negro women had been by slavery. Yet she thanked God for the Fifteenth Amendment and hoped every state would adopt it, saying she would be thankful if anybody could get out of the terrible pit. She also predicted women might vote for President by 1872.
Chapter 50
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Who was Isabella Beecher Hooker, and how did she come to support Anthony and Stanton?
Isabella Beecher Hooker was Henry Ward Beecher's half sister, a prominent Hartford, Connecticut woman. Mrs. Davis invited Hooker and the three women to visit, hoping to break down Hooker's prejudice against Anthony and Stanton, built up by New England suffragists. After studying Anthony for nearly a week, Hooker wrote praising her integrity and pledged allegiance to both women as leaders of the movement.
Chapter 51
Why did Lucy Stone call the November 1869 Cleveland convention?
Lucy Stone wrote friends in summer 1869 arguing two national suffrage associations were needed so those who did not oppose the Fifteenth Amendment nor take The Revolution's tone could work in harmony. She compared it to abolitionists and Republicans working separately, then called the Cleveland convention to unite those who could not use Stanton's and Anthony's methods.
Chapter 51
Why did Mary Livermore drift toward the Boston group?
Livermore, active in forming the National Woman Suffrage Association, wrote Garrison that she was repelled by the New York friends' idiosyncrasies: opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment, George F. Train's buffoonery, The Revolution's loose utterances on marriage and dress, and the squandering of money at New York headquarters. She welcomed a truly national association promising success and character.
Chapter 51
What financial troubles threatened The Revolution?
Anthony bore full financial responsibility since Stanton and Pillsbury had families. With at most 3,000 subscribers, the paper could not pay its way despite loyal advertisers. She reluctantly raised subscriptions from $2 to $3 a year; gifts and loans from friends and family met only pressing needs. Rumors also spread of a competitor paper edited by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe.
Chapter 51
Section 524 cards
Why did Susan B. Anthony write to her cousin Anson Lapham in desperation?
She needed money to keep The Revolution from failing. She appealed to his belief in her honesty and in the paper's mission, cited 43 new subscribers from Illinois and 20 from California, and said she needed only time to reach financial success. She feared being called proof that women could not manage business, and said she would rather die than live and fail. He came to her aid as always.
Chapter 52
What advice did Daniel and Mary give Susan about The Revolution, and what came of it?
Mary lent Susan all her savings and worked in The Revolution office during her 1869 summer vacation, while repeatedly urging her to give up the paper. Daniel begged her not to go further into debt and to form a stock company if she insisted on continuing. Susan considered his advice seriously, and the plan appealed to Paulina Wright Davis, Isabella Beecher Hooker, and Laura Curtis Bullard, but the stock company never materialized.
Chapter 52
What did Susan urge at Lucy Stone's Cleveland convention, and what did the new association decide?
At the November 24, 1869 convention Susan asked to speak and urged the association to go to Washington and demand a Sixteenth Amendment, so Congress would submit woman suffrage to state legislatures rather than to rank-and-file voters. She said she cared not what the convention did to her National Association or The Revolution if the cause advanced. The new American Woman Suffrage Association instead concentrated on state work and elected Henry Ward Beecher president.
Chapter 52
Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe's possible editorship of The Revolution collapse?
Through Mrs. Hooker, Stowe was persuaded to consider serving as contributing editor if the paper were renamed The True Republic or something satisfactory to her. Susan refused to be stifled by Stowe's more conservative views or to give her crusading sheet an innocuous name. The decision was taken from her hands when The Revolution's coverage of the McFarland-Richardson murder case so shocked Hooker and Stowe that they abandoned the publishing venture.
Chapter 52
Section 534 cards
How did The Revolution respond to the McFarland case and the press reaction?
Indignant at the press's sophistry and the double standard of morals, The Revolution defended Mrs. Richardson. Stanton, with Susan's approval, wrote an editorial rejoicing over every slave escaping a discordant marriage and predicting education would sunder unholy ties. After McFarland was acquitted and given custody of his son, Susan called a protest meeting attracting two thousand people.
Chapter 53
Why did Susan reject Julia Ward Howe's counsel in the Woman's Journal?
Susan found the Woman's Journal's editorials lacking fire and rebelled at Howe's counsel to lay down partisan warfare and organize a peaceful Grand Army of the Republic of Women against all pernicious to men and women. Susan's fight was never against men but against man-made laws holding women in bondage; experience taught her the struggle demanded political strategy, self-sacrifice, and unremitting labor, not peaceful academic debate.
Chapter 53
What two 1869 victories for women encouraged the 1870 convention?
Women taxpayers won the right to vote in municipal elections in England, Scotland, and Wales through Jacob Bright's efforts. In the Territory of Wyoming, the first legislature granted women the right to vote, hold office, and serve on juries, plus married women rights to separate property and earnings. Utah enfranchised its women early in 1870, turning Susan's hopes toward western territories.
Chapter 53
How did Susan react to her fiftieth birthday press coverage?
Friends held a reception at the Women's Bureau in New York. The Herald ran 'Susan's Half Century,' the World called her the Moses of her sex, and the Sun labeled her 'A Brave Old Maid.' The Tribune, which she hoped would approve, offered faint praise, conceding her sincerity and earnestness despite calling her methods unwise. She told Anna Dickinson she was glad it would teach young girls that living single may be honorable.
Chapter 53
Section 544 cards
What financial arrangement did Anthony make when transferring The Revolution to Bullard and Tilton?
Anthony turned the paper over to Laura Curtis Bullard and Theodore Tilton completely, receiving nothing in return but shares of stock, while she assumed the entire indebtedness of $10,000. She announced the transfer in The Revolution of May 26, 1870, saying she could be more useful on the platform than in a newspaper.
Chapter 54
How did Anthony respond to friends urging bankruptcy over The Revolution's debt?
Although her brother Daniel and many friends urged bankruptcy proceedings, Anthony regarded the $10,000 debt incurred under her management as her responsibility. She refused, insisting, "My pride for women, to say nothing of my conscience, says no." The paper later struggled on under Bullard and Tilton before being taken over by the Christian Enquirer.
Chapter 54
What did Francis Minor argue about the Fourteenth Amendment and women's suffrage?
Minor, a St. Louis attorney, contended that while the Constitution gave states the right to regulate suffrage, it nowhere gave them power to prohibit it. He believed the Fourteenth Amendment strengthened this, since it provides that no State shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens. Anthony published his arguments and his suggestion that a woman test the interpretation by voting.
Chapter 54
How did Stanton and Anthony use Minor's Fourteenth Amendment theory?
The claim to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment appealed strongly to both Anthony and Stanton. Anthony published Minor's arguments in The Revolution along with his suggestion that some woman test the interpretation by attempting to vote at the next election, while Stanton used the new approach as the basis of her speech before a Congressional committee in 1870.
Chapter 54
Section 554 cards
What did Susan B. Anthony urge women to do at the 1871 convention?
Encouraged by the favorable reception of the Woodhull Memorial among politicians, the author describes Anthony mapping out a militant campaign based on her growing conviction that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed women's rights as citizens. She urged women to claim those rights, register and prepare to vote at the next election, and bring suit in the courts if they were refused.
Chapter 55
Why did Anthony override Hooker's hesitancy about associating with Victoria Woodhull?
Hooker hesitated to link their organization with so questionable a woman. Anthony instead consulted friends in Congress, engaged constitutional lawyer Albert G. Riddle to represent the 30,000 women who had petitioned Congress, and attended the hearing with Hooker to ask for prompt action on woman suffrage. The author notes this was the first Congressional hearing on federal enfranchisement; earlier hearings considered only the District of Columbia.
Chapter 55
What was the outcome of the Woodhull Memorial before the judiciary committee?
The judiciary committee issued an adverse report, which surprised Anthony given the enthusiastic reception and favorable news from those close to leading Republicans. She then studied the favorable minority report by Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts and William Loughridge of Iowa, whose arguments seemed to her unanswerable. She credited Woodhull for bringing out that report and wrote to her praising Butler.
Chapter 55
How did Anthony respond to rumors about Woodhull's unorthodox life?
The author says Anthony was ready to give Woodhull the benefit of the doubt until she herself found her harmful to the cause, having long ago learned to discount attacks on the reputations of progressive women. The author argues Woodhull gave Anthony and her associates a chance to prove their contention that there should not be a double standard of morals, one for men and another for women.
Chapter 55
Section 563 cards
How did Susan B. Anthony react to Victoria Woodhull's 'Great Secession' speech?
Anthony was not offended by Woodhull's call for secession and revolution, since she herself had talked revolution and had heard extravagant antislavery declarations from Garrison, Phillips, and Pillsbury. She was, however, troubled by press reaction, especially the Tribune labeling the gathering the 'Woodhull Convention' and accusing suffragists of adopting Woodhull's free-love theories.
Chapter 56
What did Anthony resolve about Woodhull after the Train controversy, and why?
Having recently experienced the animosity stirred up by her alliance with George Francis Train, Anthony resolved to be cautious regarding Victoria Woodhull and began to wonder if Woodhull was using the suffragists to further her own ambitions. Yet many trusted friends who knew Woodhull better were convinced she was a genius and prophet.
Chapter 56
What did Anthony argue was essential to saving women from polygamy or prostitution?
In Utah, Anthony argued that her point of attack under both monogamy and polygamy was the subjection of women, and that self-support was essential to remedy it. She found little opportunity for women to earn a living there, and declared women must be able to live honestly without the aid of men before the masses could be saved from polygamy or prostitution, legal or illegal.
Chapter 56
Section 574 cards
How did Susan B. Anthony respond to the boos and hisses at her Laura Fair speech?
She waited patiently until the protest subsided, standing poised and unafraid, then repeated her challenging words in a clear steady voice. She repeated the statement three times, and when the audience began to admire her courage, it roared its applause. She concluded that woman must not depend on man's protection but must be taught to protect herself.
Chapter 57
What accusation did newspapers make against Anthony after the Laura Fair speech?
Newspapers accused her not only of defending Laura Fair but of condoning the murder of Crittenden. The story was republished throughout the state and eagerly picked up by New York newspapers. This made it impossible for her or Mrs. Stanton to draw a friendly audience anywhere in California, so they retreated to Yosemite for several weeks.
Chapter 57
How did Anthony feel about Mrs. Stanton's failure to defend her in California?
Bearing the brunt of the censure, Anthony expected Stanton to defend her in letters to newspapers. When Stanton did not, Anthony was deeply hurt, having many times smoothed the way for her friend. Even so, she built up audiences for Stanton and got correct transcripts of her lectures to the papers. She was for the first time sadly disappointed in her dearest friend.
Chapter 57
What did Anthony's diary record about her year of travel and lectures ending January 1, 1872?
She recorded six months of constant travel covering fully 8,000 miles and 108 lectures, with the year's work totaling 13,000 miles of travel and 170 meetings. On the train she met Senator Aaron A. Sargent and his family, and a warm friendship developed while the train was stalled in deep snow drifts in the Rocky Mountains.
Chapter 57
Section 584 cards
Why did western men's support for woman suffrage encourage Susan so much?
The chapter says this friendly attitude among western men was the most encouraging development in Susan's long uphill fight. These men viewed women as partners who had shared the dangers and hardships of the frontier, so they recognized at once the justice of woman suffrage and its benefit to the country.
Chapter 58
How did Susan defend Victoria Woodhull at the 1872 convention?
Susan said Victoria was not dragged to the front but came to Washington with a powerful argument and presented her Memorial to Congress. Susan noted Victoria got an interview with the judiciary committee that suffragists could never secure, and said if youth, beauty, and money capture Congress, Victoria is the woman. She added that leaders make themselves.
Chapter 58
What did Susan tell the Senate judiciary committee about the amendments?
She recalled that suffragists petitioned against inserting 'male' in the Fourteenth Amendment and against the Fifteenth's missing 'sex,' but friends urged them to wait until the Negro question was settled, promising to take up their case afterward. She asked whether they had done as promised, and said such tantalizing treatment of men would have caused rebellion.
Chapter 58
Why did Susan oppose forming a party around Victoria Woodhull?
Susan warned there was no element out of which to make a political party, because no man would vote a woman suffrage ticket if it endangered his Republican, Democratic, Workingmen's, or Temperance party. She said Woodhull had the newspaper advantage and was dominated by men spirits. She also had her name removed from a call she had not authorized.
Chapter 58
Section 594 cards
How did Susan B. Anthony end the dispute with Victoria Woodhull at the convention?
Anthony refused to put Woodhull's motion to adjourn and join the people's convention. When Woodhull put the motion herself and it carried, Anthony declared it out of order because neither Woodhull nor many voters were National Association members, adjourned the convention herself, and finally ordered the janitor to turn out the lights, dispersing the audience in darkness.
Chapter 59
What did Anthony record in her diary after Woodhull's nomination?
Anthony wrote of a narrow escape, calling it a foolish muddle caused by Mrs. Stanton consulting and conceding to Woodhull and calling a People's Convention. She wrote she was never so hurt with Stanton's folly and that the movement was demoralized by letting go the helm to Woodhull, though they rescued it by a hairbreadth.
Chapter 59
What did the Republican platform plank say about women, and why did Anthony value it?
The plank said the party was mindful of its obligations to loyal women for their devotion to freedom, welcomed their admission to wider usefulness, and said honest demands of any class for equal rights deserved respectful consideration. Anthony grasped it eagerly because it was the first time an important, powerful party had mentioned women in its platform.
Chapter 59
Why did Anthony criticize Horace Greeley yet refuse to join in hounding him?
Anthony described Greeley in her Appeal as women's most bitter opponent, saying he heaped abuse and ridicule on leading women and used the Tribune to crush the reform. Yet she refused to join Republicans in hounding Greeley and the Liberals, writing that her sense of justice was outraged by Harper's cartoons and the Republican press's falsifying tone.
Chapter 59
Section 603 cards
How did Anthony register and vote in Rochester in 1872?
After spending the required thirty days in Rochester, Anthony read a newspaper's 'Now Register!' appeal on November 1, 1872, walked with her three sisters to the barber shop where her ward registered, and argued until inspectors Beverly W. Jones and Edwin F. Marsh registered the four women. She then recruited twelve more, and fifty Rochester women registered; she voted the Republican ticket at 7 a.m. on November 5.
Chapter 60
What happened to other women who tried to vote in 1872?
No general uprising occurred. A few women tried to vote in Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Connecticut. Lillie Devereux Blake in New York City and Matilda Joslyn Gage in Fayetteville were turned away, and Elizabeth Stanton did not vote at all, disappointing Anthony. Earlier test cases also failed: Marilla Ricker's vote was refused, and Sarah Andrews Spencer and seventy others carried their suit unsuccessfully to the Supreme Court.
Chapter 60
How did the press and Judge Selden respond to Anthony's vote?
Press reaction was largely friendly: the New York Times said her act should have a place in history and the Chicago Tribune suggested she ought to hold public office, though cartoonists caricatured her and some Democratic papers, following the Rochester Union and Advertiser's 'Female Lawlessness' headline, declared women unfit for the ballot. Before voting, Anthony consulted retired Judge Henry R. Selden, who found the arguments of Butler, Minor, and Riddle convincing and agreed to advise and defend her.
Chapter 60
Section 614 cards
What charge did the deputy marshal bring against Susan B. Anthony on November 18?
The deputy marshal arrested her for voting in violation of Section 19 of an Act of Congress, which made it a crime to vote knowingly without the lawful right to do so. Conviction carried a fine of up to $500 or imprisonment of up to three years. The chapter notes the law was passed in 1870 to halt voting by southern rebels, and Susan had never expected it to apply to her.
Chapter 61
Why did Susan B. Anthony refuse to give bail, and who paid it anyway?
She refused bail and said she preferred prison, determined to resist court interference with her constitutional right as a citizen to vote. Her counsel Henry R. Selden paid it against her wishes, saying he could not see a lady he respected in jail. John Van Voorhis then told her she had lost her chance to bring the case before the Supreme Court by writ of habeas corpus.
Chapter 61
Why was Anthony's trial moved from Rochester to Canandaigua?
The district attorney requested a change of venue, fearing a Monroe County jury sitting in Rochester would be prejudiced in her favor. She had spoken on 'The Equal Right of All Citizens to the Ballot' in every district in Monroe County. The case was transferred to the United States Circuit Court in Canandaigua, and she then lectured across Ontario County with Matilda Joslyn Gage.
Chapter 61
How did Anthony try to win public and financial support for her test case?
She addressed the commission revising New York's constitution, arguing the law limiting suffrage to males was nullified by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. She distributed printed copies of Judge Selden's argument and personally gave copies to newspaper editors and Congressmen in New York and Washington. She wrote that her rejoicing was not for herself but for all womanhood and manhood, framing it as woman's constitutional right.
Chapter 61
Section 624 cards
How did Anthony interpret the Constitution's 'We, the people'?
The author presents Anthony arguing that the Constitution was formed by 'we, the whole people,' not merely white male citizens or male citizens. She held that the Union was formed to secure liberty to all the people, women as well as men, and that government rests on every individual's natural right to a voice and vote in making and executing laws.
Chapter 62
Why did Anthony argue the Fifteenth Amendment applied to women?
Anthony reasoned that the Fifteenth Amendment settled the citizen's right to vote and applied to women for two reasons: women are citizens, and women had a 'previous condition of servitude.' Defining a slave as one robbed of the proceeds of labor and subject to another's will, she argued state laws on married women placed them in that position.
Chapter 62
What did the Supreme Court rule in the Myra Bradwell case?
The Court held that Illinois violated no federal constitutional provision by refusing to let Myra Bradwell practice law because she was a woman. It declared that the right to practice law in state courts is not a privilege or immunity of United States citizenship, and that the Fourteenth Amendment does not affect a state's power to set bar admission qualifications. Chief Justice Chase dissented.
Chapter 62
How did the suffrage press and public react to Anthony's campaign?
The New York Herald published hostile gibes and fictitious interviews ridiculing her, while the New York Evening Post predicted a favorable court decision and the Rochester Express warmly defended her as refined and estimable. Lucy Stone's Woman's Journal ignored the voting act out of disagreement with the militant move, and the Congress of Women snubbed her, which hurt her more than newspaper attacks.
Chapter 62
Section 634 cards
Why did Judge Hunt refuse to let Susan B. Anthony testify at her trial?
Judge Hunt directed the proceedings as questions of law rather than fact, ruling that the Fourteenth Amendment gave no woman the right to vote and that Anthony's good-faith belief did not excuse her act. He therefore refused to let her testify and directed the jury to return a guilty verdict, discharging them when Selden asked that they be polled.
Chapter 63
What did Henry Selden argue in Anthony's defense?
Selden argued that the only alleged illegality was that Anthony was a woman: the same act by her brother would have been honorable, making this the first time a woman was arraigned in a criminal court merely for her sex. He claimed she voted in good faith under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, seeking to bring a constitutional question before the courts.
Chapter 63
How did Judge Hunt justify directing a guilty verdict?
Hunt held that voting is a privilege under state, not federal, constitutions; New York limited the franchise to males, and the Fourteenth Amendment gave women no right to vote. He added that had the Fifteenth Amendment included the word 'sex,' Anthony's argument would be potent. He ruled that knowledge of the facts supplied criminal intent, so no jury question remained.
Chapter 63
How did the jury respond to Judge Hunt's direction?
When Selden protested that no court could direct such a verdict in a criminal case, Hunt ordered the clerk to take the verdict. The clerk recorded the jury's guilty verdict as the Court had recorded it. Selden claimed exception and asked that the jury be polled, but Hunt abruptly refused and discharged the jury.
Chapter 63
Section 644 cards
How did Judge Hunt prevent Susan B. Anthony's case from reaching the Supreme Court?
Judge Hunt fined Anthony $100 plus costs but stated the Court would not imprison her for failing to pay. The chapter says this shrewd move, obviously planned in advance, made it impossible to carry the case to the United States Supreme Court by writ of habeas corpus, since imprisonment would have been needed for that route.
Chapter 64
What did Judge Hunt do that newspapers condemned as denying trial by jury?
Judge Hunt allowed the jury to be impanelled, sworn, and to hear evidence, but when the case reached the verdict he directed a verdict of guilty instead of letting the jury decide. The New York Sun and other papers said this denied the accused a trial by jury and violated the Constitution; Selden's motion for a new trial was denied.
Chapter 64
What happened to the three election inspectors who were tried after Anthony?
Judge Hunt submitted their case to the jury but instructed that the defendants were guilty; the jury returned guilty verdicts, and each inspector was fined $25 plus costs. Two, Edwin F. Marsh and William B. Hall, refused to pay and were jailed. Senator Sargent eventually secured a pardon for them from President Grant.
Chapter 64
What did the Supreme Court decide in Minor vs. Happersett, and why did it disappoint suffragists?
Virginia Minor sued an election inspector for refusing to register her in 1872, and the case reached the Supreme Court in 1874. On March 29, 1875, Chief Justice Waite, a friend of woman suffrage, delivered an adverse decision. The chapter calls it a bitter blow to Anthony and to those who had pinned faith on a liberal reading of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
Chapter 64
Section 653 cards
How did Susan B. Anthony characterize and criticize the Court's decision?
She called it "a states-rights document" and argued it was inconsistent with a Republican administration that had used the Civil War amendments to establish federal control over citizens' rights. She asked why the Constitution defines qualifications for House voters, why federal amendments enfranchised Negroes and foreigners, and why the federal government interfered in her case rather than leaving it to New York.
Chapter 65
What course did Anthony conclude was left after the Court's ruling?
Facing a ruling from the highest court, she felt helpless: women were shut out of the Constitution and denied its protection. She concluded there was only one course left — to press again for a Sixteenth Amendment to enfranchise women. She also believed such a sustained campaign required paying off The Revolution's debt first.
Chapter 65
What did Anthony tell the Rochester women about the W.C.T.U. and temperance?
Though a lifelong temperance advocate, she believed the reform could only come through women's votes, not a strictly temperance or religious movement. She helped the Rochester women organize a W.C.T.U. branch but told them the organization would show how powerless they were: you cannot talk, sing, or pray down an institution voted into existence, and the evil won't lessen until women have votes.
Chapter 65
Section 663 cards
What topics did Anthony lecture on for the Lyceum Bureau in the West?
She spoke on "Bread and the Ballot" and "The Power of the Ballot," using these lectures to stimulate interest in a federal woman suffrage amendment. She earned an average of $100 a week and applied the money to the Revolution debt. Audiences found her simple conversational manner refreshing compared with the sonorous oratory of other lecturers.
Chapter 66
How did Anthony handle the Lyceum Bureau's treatment of her?
She often felt the Bureau drove her unnecessarily hard, routed her inefficiently, and profited too generously from her labors. Now and then she dispensed with their services, sent out her own circulars soliciting engagements, and arranged her own tours, proving to her satisfaction that a woman could be as businesslike as a man and sometimes more so.
Chapter 66
What did Anthony write to Isabella Beecher Hooker after Beecher's exoneration?
Reading Beecher's statement in her newspaper, she impulsively wrote Isabella Beecher Hooker, "Wouldn't you think if God ever did strike anyone dead for telling a lie, he would have struck then?" The Plymouth Church committee had exonerated Beecher in 1874. The author presents this as evidence of Anthony's strong personal reaction to the outcome.
Chapter 66
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How did reactions to Anthony's social purity lecture differ between city and small-town papers?
Most city newspapers acknowledged the need to face the issues and praised her courage, but small-town papers were disturbed by a spinster publicly discussing the "social evil." One small-town paper remarked that the best lecture a woman could give on the subject was the sincerity of her profound ignorance about it.
Chapter 68
Why did western audiences respond favorably to Anthony's "Bread and the Ballot" lecture?
The author explains that western men and women, having already broken with tradition by leaving the East for the frontier, could more easily adopt new ways. Western men also recognized women's good influence on bleak towns—better homes, cleanliness, comfort, then schools, churches, law and order—and many were willing to give women the vote, needing only prodding to turn that willingness into law.
Chapter 68
What did Anthony do at the 1876 Centennial when she could not present the Women's Declaration?
She obtained a press card as reporter for her brother's Leavenworth Times. When the Centennial Commission sent four last-minute tickets, she gave them to Matilda Joslyn Gage, Lillie Devereux Blake, Sarah Andrews Spencer, and Phoebe Couzins. With Susan leading, they pushed through the crowd to Independence Square and were seated on the platform. Phoebe Couzins withdrew rather than cause a disturbance.
Chapter 68
What did the Woman's Pavilion at the Centennial exhibit, and what did Anthony think was missing?
The Woman's Pavilion, erected as an afterthought, exhibited women's contributions to the arts but nothing showing the part women had played in building up the country or developing industry. Anthony longed to explain how women's skilled work contributed to textile and shoe industries, cartridge manufacture, Waltham watches, and countless other products, and would have made the pavilion an appeal for equal rights.
Chapter 68
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How did Susan B. Anthony present the Women's Declaration at the centennial?
She and three companions (Mrs. Gage, Mrs. Spencer, and a fourth woman) carried the engrossed Declaration and printed copies into the crowd. Anthony stepped to Vice President Ferry's dais, took the parchment from Mrs. Gage, and presented it saying, 'I present to you a Declaration of Rights from the women citizens of the United States.' Ferry bowed and accepted it without a word.
Chapter 69
How did the Senate react to the 10,000 suffrage petitions in 1877?
Most Senators found the petitions from twenty-six states uproariously funny. Journalist Mary Clemmer reported the Senate looked like a laughing school, and after sarcastic remarks the petitions were referred to the Committee on Public Lands. Only Senator Aaron A. Sargent of California demanded at least the courtesy given any other petition.
Chapter 69
Why did Anthony lecture on 'The Homes of Single Women'?
She preferred suffrage topics but needed varied subjects to secure return engagements. She hoped to dispel the fallacy that single women were helpless and dependent on male relatives, citing independent women like the Cary sisters, Dr. Clemence Lozier, Mary L. Booth, and Lydia Mott to show marriage was not the only road to security.
Chapter 69
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Who introduced the new Sixteenth Amendment draft in the Senate, and when?
Senator Sargent introduced a new draft of a Sixteenth Amendment in the Senate on January 10, 1878, following the wording of the Fifteenth. Mrs. Stanton, who attended the convention, had persuaded him to do so. It read that the right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex.
Chapter 70
Why did Garrison oppose Susan's federal amendment efforts?
Garrison replied that her efforts for a federal amendment were premature and "would bring the movement into needless contempt." Susan found this strange advice from a man who had fearlessly defied public opinion to crusade against slavery. Wendell Phillips, by contrast, said he thought she was on the right track and would help, though he still believed states must lead and reform advance piecemeal.
Chapter 70
Why did Susan prefer a federal amendment over the state-by-state method?
Experience taught her that in state elections woman suffrage faced prejudiced opposition from an ever-increasing number of naturalized immigrants, who she believed had little understanding of democratic government or sympathy with women's rights. A federal amendment, depending on Congress and ratifying legislatures, was in the hands of a group she considered far more liberal, intelligent, and preponderantly American. She said they had "puttered with State rights for thirty years."
Chapter 70
What did the conventions do besides demand a federal suffrage amendment?
They urged an educational qualification for voters to counter the argument that woman suffrage would increase the ignorant vote, and protested counting women in representation while disfranchised. They criticized the church for barring women from the ministry and church government, took up Anna Ella Carroll's denied recognition and pension, urged pensions for women who nursed soldiers, and welcomed Mormon women from Utah protesting disfranchisement.
Chapter 70
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Why did Anthony and Stanton feel urgency to record women's history?
The author argues both saw women's struggle for a share in government as strengthening democracy and wanted it emphasized in history. Men had always been the historians and extolled men's exploits, treating women's record as negligible. Anthony feared that if women close to the facts did not record them, they would be forgotten or misinterpreted, and many old workers had already died.
Chapter 71
What division of labor produced the History of Woman Suffrage?
Stanton wrote the greater part, transforming notes into readable prose; Matilda Joslyn Gage contributed chapters including 'Preceding Causes,' 'Women in Newspapers,' and 'Women, Church, and State.' Anthony selected material, checked facts, helped copy the handwritten manuscript and proofread, and raised funds. The three signed a contract to share work and profits.
Chapter 71
What publishing and financial obstacles did the History face?
New York publishers showed little interest in the subject. Anthony finally signed with Fowler & Wells, with the authors paying for composition, stereotyping, and engravings; she raised the funds as usual. Each engraving cost $100, and she had spent her savings on illustrations, so she could not yet donate the book to libraries as she wished.
Chapter 71
How did Lucy Stone respond to requests for biographical data?
Stone curtly replied that she had never kept a diary or record of her work and could not furnish the required dates. She refused to supply a biographical sketch and asked that none be attempted, closing with regret that any 'wing' of suffragists should attempt to write the history of the other.
Chapter 71
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What inheritance allowed Anthony to finance Volumes II and III of the History?
Eliza Eddy, daughter of their former benefactor Francis Jackson, left Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone approximately $25,000 each for "the woman's cause." Litigation delayed payment until 1885, but the promise assured the volumes. Anthony was also moved that Wendell Phillips, Eliza Eddy's legal advisor, still regarded her as worthy of trust despite their past differences.
Chapter 72
How did women respond to the History of Woman Suffrage?
Mostly with disappointment. Only a few, such as Mary L. Booth of Harper's Bazaar, saw its value for the future; the majority were indifferent and some critical. When Mrs. Stanton offered the three volumes to the Vassar College library, they were refused. Anthony nonetheless donated well over a thousand copies to libraries in the United States and Europe.
Chapter 72
Why did Anthony travel to Europe in 1883?
The main attraction was the chance to form an international organization of women, which Mrs. Stanton had been promoting in letters from Europe. Rachel Foster accompanied her. In London she met Stanton, English suffragists, and old friends Channing and Ernestine Rose, then traveled through Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and France, and returned with promises of cooperation.
Chapter 72
What did Anthony conclude about Europe compared with America?
She found much to distress her and was more interested in people's living conditions than in art. She wrote that Europe showed the hopelessness of lifting the masses into freedom, and that only by overturning existing powers could education and equal chances reach ordinary people. She called the American republic the hope of the world and said she looked to her own land for hope or work.
Chapter 72
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What setbacks did woman suffrage suffer in the early 1880s, according to the chapter?
Woman suffrage was defeated in Oregon in 1885 and in Nebraska in 1882, and in Washington Territory, where it had carried in 1883, a court contest sought to invalidate it. Since the victories in Wyoming and Utah in 1869 and 1870, no other state or territory had written woman suffrage into law.
Chapter 73
Why did Susan B. Anthony see promise for suffrage in the West?
The author argues the West was favorable because women were becoming indispensable as teachers, state universities graduated over two thousand women a year, and the Farmers' Alliance, Grange, and Prohibition party admitted women and were friendly to suffrage. School suffrage had been won in twelve western states versus five in the East, and Kansas women voted in municipal elections.
Chapter 73
How did the W.C.T.U. and Frances Willard affect the suffrage movement?
Frances Willard brought churchwomen into suffrage under the slogan 'For God and Home and Country,' and Anthony anticipated a powerful impetus from this new group previously hostile to woman's rights. Willard joined the American rather than the National association, preferring its state-by-state method, but cooperated with Anthony when she could; the two respected each other despite differing over policy and method.
Chapter 73
Why did Anthony resist linking woman suffrage with temperance and the Prohibition party?
Anthony feared the public would confuse the issues and that voters friendly to suffrage might turn hostile if they believed women's votes would bring prohibition. She insisted she asked only for women's equal right to express opinions at the polls. She also withheld support from the Prohibition party in 1880 and 1884, even urging women to back Republicans instead.
Chapter 73
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Why did Susan B. Anthony refuse to work for the Prohibition party in 1888?
The author argues Anthony refused because the Prohibition party had no members in Congress, while at least twenty Republican senators and about half the House supported woman suffrage. She said she would not work for a third party until it promised a larger percentage of representatives who would speak and vote for women's enfranchisement than the Republican party did.
Chapter 74
How did the National Woman Suffrage Association treat Mormon women in 1887?
The association was open to all women regardless of race or creed and welcomed Mormon women. When Congress considered a bill to disfranchise Mormon women as punishment for polygamy in 1887, the association did its utmost to help them keep the vote, but the effort was defeated.
Chapter 74
What internal tensions over temperance arose within the suffrage movement?
Some delegates, including Stanton, Gage, and Colby, scorned the 'singing and praying' temperance group and protested that temperance and religion held too much sway. Abigail Duniway blamed suffrage defeats in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington in 1887 on men's fear that women would vote for prohibition. Anthony acted as arbiter, valuing the W.C.T.U.'s momentum and Frances Willard's help.
Chapter 74
What was the 1888 international conference in Washington and who organized it?
It was an international conference held in March 1888 at Albaugh's Opera House to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the first woman's rights convention. Anthony, Rachel Foster, and May Wright Sewall did most of the work and raised $13,000, with help from Frances Willard. Fifty-three national organizations sent representatives, and delegates came from England, France, Norway, Denmark, Finland, India, and Canada.
Chapter 74
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What two results of the International Council mattered most to Susan?
The chapter names two results of special importance to Susan: meeting Anna Howard Shaw, and overtures from Lucy Stone for a union of the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations. The Council also organized a permanent International Council of Women, meeting every five years with Millicent Garrett Fawcett as president, plus an affiliated National Council meeting every three years with Frances Willard as president and Susan as vice-president at large.
Chapter 75
Why did Susan's first impression of Anna Howard Shaw prove wrong?
Susan was prejudiced against Shaw, who had aligned with Mary Livermore and Lucy Stone; Susan assumed she was a narrow Methodist minister. Instead, the pleasing young woman in the pulpit holding the audience spellbound proved to be Shaw—a warm personality, a crusader eager to right human wrongs, and above all a matchless public speaker. Shaw's own distorted opinion of Susan was likewise dispelled as she watched her preside.
Chapter 75
What obstacles shaped Anna Howard Shaw's path to suffrage work?
Shaw grew up on the Michigan frontier, working her way through Albion College and Boston University Theological School, graduating in 1878. She pastored two Cape Cod churches but the Methodist Episcopal church refused her ordination because of her sex; the Methodist Protestant church eventually ordained her. She studied medicine during her pastorate and, encouraged by Mary Livermore and influenced by Frances Willard, left the ministry for temperance and suffrage work.
Chapter 75
Why did Susan oppose her own election as president of the merged associations?
Susan did not want the presidency; she wanted it for Mrs. Stanton, who had led the National Association ably for years. She pleaded with National delegates not to vote for her but for Stanton, arguing that deposing Stanton would virtually degrade her, and that the platform should stay broad enough for 'the infidel, the atheist, the Mohammedan, or the Christian.' Union was nearly blocked over this contest, since younger members demanded Susan or Stanton.
Chapter 75
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What offices were held in the new National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton was elected president by a majority of 41 votes, and Susan B. Anthony was the almost unanimous choice for vice-president at large. Lucy Stone became chairman of the executive committee, Jane Spofford treasurer, and Rachel Foster and Alice Stone Blackwell secretaries. The organization worked for both state and federal woman suffrage amendments, with the Woman's Journal as its official organ.
Chapter 76
Why did Anthony consider Wyoming's 1890 admission a turning point?
The author explains that Anthony wanted new western states admitted as woman suffrage states, because a Supreme Court line in the Virginia Minor case noted no new state had ever entered the Union having conferred suffrage on women. Congress resisted Wyoming, but a telegram from the Wyoming legislature declaring it would stay out a hundred years rather than enter without woman suffrage helped turn the tide; the House voted 139 to 127.
Chapter 76
What forces opposed the woman suffrage amendment in South Dakota in 1890?
The liquor interests made prohibition an issue, rallying for repeal of prohibition adopted at statehood, and through their propaganda 30,000 foreign-born voters became formidable opponents; newly naturalized Russians, Scandinavians, and Poles wore badges reading 'Against Woman Suffrage and Susan B. Anthony.' Republicans and Democrats courted these voters and refused to endorse the amendment, and the Farmers' Alliance and Knights of Labor joined Prohibitionists in a third party that also failed to endorse it.
Chapter 76
How did Anthony and Shaw campaign across South Dakota?
Anna Howard Shaw joined Anthony, and together they covered the state, hoping the truth and sincerity of their statements would counter anti-suffrage propaganda. They often traveled in freight cars because transportation was limited, or drove long distances in wagons over the sun-baked prairie. They sometimes spent nights in isolated sod houses where pioneer women cooked scant meals over burning chips of buffalo bones.
Chapter 76
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How did Susan B. Anthony describe her health and resolve during the South Dakota campaign?
Writing to Eastern friends at age seventy, Anthony claimed she was "perfectly well in body and in mind, never better," despite the lack of modern comforts. She said she could endure hardships better than younger workers and vowed to push ahead and do her level best to carry the State, come weal or woe to her personally.
Chapter 77
What impressed Anthony about Carrie Chapman Catt during the South Dakota campaign?
Anthony met Catt in Huron, South Dakota, and found a tall, confident young woman ready to see the work through. Anthony was especially impressed that Carrie, despite marrying George W. Catt in June, kept her pledge to come to South Dakota, filled every difficult engagement, and showed a ruthless practicality in sizing up the campaign and planning ahead.
Chapter 77
What was the outcome of the South Dakota woman suffrage campaign?
After six months of campaigning, the visible result was defeat, with 22,972 votes for woman suffrage and 45,632 opposed. Anthony attributed the loss partly to politicians' maneuvers, the trading of votes for the location of the state capital, and the scheming of the liquor interests, and she felt she was championing a lonely cause.
Chapter 77
How did Anthony use her appointment as trustee of Rochester's State Industrial School?
After urging the governor to appoint a woman to the board, Anthony herself received the appointment. One of her first acts was practical: she spent a day getting the laundry girls, who had washed for the entire institution by hand, transferred to the boys' laundry room to use its machinery. She also taught the boys to patch and darn and later asked for coeducation.
Chapter 77
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Why did Anthony oppose Stanton's work on The Woman's Bible?
Anthony was not unsympathetic to Stanton's ideas, but she opposed the excursion into religious controversy because she was sure it would stir up futile wrangles among suffragists and keep Stanton from giving her best to the cause. Her frank disapproval disappointed Stanton, and the two friends grew somewhat apart, taking different roads—one freeing women's minds, the other establishing their citizenship—though their friendship endured.
Chapter 78
What offices did Stanton and Anthony take at the 1892 NAWSA convention?
In 1892 Anthony reluctantly consented to Stanton's retirement as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Stanton's request that Anthony follow her won unanimous approval, and Anna Howard Shaw was moved up to vice-president at large. Anthony had watched Stanton preside for forty years; this was Stanton's last convention, and also the last for Lucy Stone, who died the next year.
Chapter 78
How did the Republicans and People's party respond to woman suffrage in 1892?
The Republicans again made proverbial excuses, citing a formidable opponent in Grover Cleveland and the threat of a new People's party; their platform remembered the poor, the foreign-born, and male Negroes but ignored women. The People's party gave no woman suffrage plank, and Anthony found them quite as oblivious to the underlying principle of justice to women as either old party.
Chapter 78
What role did women play at the 1893 World's Fair?
Working indirectly through prominent women in Washington and Chicago, Anthony sought women's appointment to the board of management. 'Lady Managers' were appointed, 115 strong, led by Mrs. Bertha Honoré Palmer, who was nearly as determined as Anthony to secure equal rights for women at the Fair. The series of world congresses and the World's Congress of Representative Women proved highly effective.
Chapter 78
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What did Susan Anthony observe at the Congress of Representative Women regarding marginalized groups?
At the congress, held soon after the World's Fair opened, Anthony heard Negroes, American Indians, and Mormons describe their progress and problems, and saw them treated with as much respect as American millionaires, English nobility, or the most virtuous, conservative housewife. Twenty-seven countries and 126 organizations were represented across eighty-one sessions that drew record crowds.
Chapter 79
How did Anthony explain her suffrage association's small numbers and limited funds?
She confessed her National American Woman Suffrage Association was poor in numbers and limited in funds compared with the W.C.T.U.'s half million members and the General Federation of Women's Clubs' 40,000. She philosophized that women had been taught always to work for something other than their own personal freedom, and that organizing women solely for political liberty and equality was the hardest thing in the world.
Chapter 79
How did Anthony respond to clergymen urging Sunday closing of the fair?
She took issue with them, declaring Sunday was the only day many people were free to attend. Asked by a disapproving clergyman whether she would like a son of hers to attend Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show on Sunday, she replied, "Of course I would, and I think he would learn far more there than from the sermons in some churches!" Buffalo Bill then offered her a box, and she attended with twelve of her "girls."
Chapter 79
Why was the Colorado suffrage victory important to Anthony beyond the vote itself?
The telegram reported woman suffrage carried by 5,000 majority, which she recorded laconically in her diary. It carried forward the trend begun when Wyoming was admitted as a woman suffrage state in 1890, and it proved her "girls" could take over her work. She turned over supervision of all state campaigns to Carrie Chapman Catt.
Chapter 79
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Why did Susan Anthony believe woman suffrage was doomed at the 1894 New York convention?
The author argues that Joseph Choate, elected president of the convention, had political aspirations and would not risk an unpopular cause. Though he let women be heard, he appointed opponents to consider the subject, and they submitted an adverse report. Susan saw this as similar to 1867, when Horace Greeley deserted women for political expediency.
Chapter 80
What obstacles did the Kansas woman suffrage campaign face in 1894?
The population had changed as European immigrants arrived, and foreign-born voters opposed suffrage while parties bargained for their support. Liquor interests were active, and Republicans made a deal with German Democrats to ignore both prohibition and woman suffrage in their platform. Voters linked prohibition with suffrage because women generally voted for enforcement in municipal elections.
Chapter 80
Why did Anthony turn to the Populist party in Kansas, and what did she promise?
Convinced she could no longer count on Kansas Republicans, she turned to the Populists despite warnings from Republican women. She told their convention she had labored forty years for women's enfranchisement and would wave her handkerchief for any party endorsing it. Asked if she would campaign for the People's party, she said, "I most certainly will."
Chapter 80
How did Anthony justify supporting the Populists despite their financial theories?
She said she would choose to ask votes for the party that stood for justice to women, though wrong on financial theories, rather than for a party sound on money and tariff but silent on the pending amendment for political equality. The author notes she was never afraid to side with the underdog, understanding why farmers flocked to the Populists.
Chapter 80
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What did the Populist convention decide about woman suffrage, and with what caveat?
After a four-hour debate, the Populist convention endorsed the woman suffrage amendment but absolved members who refused to support it. The rank and file cheered and welcomed Susan B. Anthony and Anna Shaw into the party, though the author notes the party, like others, found justice for women hard to comprehend.
Chapter 81
How did Anthony explain her relationship to the Populist party to reporters?
She said she had not 'gone over' to the Populists but had been like a drowning man waiting for a plank. She did not step on the whole platform, only the woman suffrage plank, and wanted the endorsement of a party likely to remain in power.
Chapter 81
Why did Anthony refuse to support Kansas Republicans, according to her letter to Henry Blackwell?
She wrote that she would not praise or work for Kansas Republicans' success because, by their own confessions to her, they had traded the rights of Kansas women in cold blood for the votes of 'lager beer foreigners and whisky Democrats.' She said no self-respecting woman should work for a party that ignores her political rights.
Chapter 81
What did Anthony say about bicycling and women's emancipation?
She said bicycling had done more to emancipate woman than any one thing in the world, rejoicing at the sight of a woman on a wheel. It gives her self-reliance and independence the moment she takes her seat, a picture of untrammeled womanhood. She also said women riding or climbing should wear a costume permitting use of their legs.
Chapter 81
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What did Susan B. Anthony call her 1896 California speaking tour?
She called it her "wild goose chase" over the state. She spoke at farmers' picnics in the mountains, schoolhouses in small towns, and poolrooms where blackboards read "Welcome Susan B. Anthony." The author notes she was at home everywhere, and men liked her short matter-of-fact speeches and flashes of wit.
Chapter 82
How did liquor interests work against woman suffrage in California?
The Liquor Dealers' League sent letters to hotel owners, grocers, druggists, and saloons warning that votes for women meant prohibition and threatened their livelihood. Word spread that no beer would be sold in San Francisco if women voted. As in Kansas, liquor interests persuaded naturalized Irish, Germans, and Swedes to oppose suffrage, and in California they appealed to the Chinese.
Chapter 82
Why did California woman suffrage lose despite winning most of the state?
Anna Howard Shaw reported the count was won from the north down to Oakland and from the south up to San Francisco, but not by enough to overcome adverse votes in San Francisco and Oakland. In San Francisco the saloon element and the most aristocratic section made an equal showing against suffrage, and every Chinese vote was against it.
Chapter 82
Which two states advanced woman suffrage in 1896, and how?
Utah was granted statehood with a woman suffrage provision in its constitution. Idaho's favorable vote was contested in the courts but upheld by the State Supreme Court. With these, women in Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah were voters, though California had been defeated.
Chapter 82
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Why did Susan object to Carrie Chapman Catt's name?
Susan disliked the name "Catt" and insisted that if Catt it must be, Carrie should keep her father's name, Lane, rather than her first husband's name, Chapman. Carrie, however, was intrigued by the three Cs and continued to be known as Carrie Chapman Catt.
Chapter 83
Why did Susan want annual conventions held in Washington?
Susan was convinced the annual national convention should always be held in Washington so Congress could see and feel the growing strength and influence of the movement. Her "girls" disagreed, wanting conventions in different parts of the country to widen influence, and in 1894 the National American Association voted to hold conventions in different parts of the country in alternate years.
Chapter 83
How did suffragists respond to the controversy over The Woman's Bible?
The Woman's Bible, published in 1895, was a commentary questioning traditional interpretations that stigmatized women as inferior. Clergy and press protested, and suffragists were condemned for compiling a new Bible. They explained repeatedly that it expressed Mrs. Stanton's personal views, not those of the movement. At the 1896 Washington convention, Rachel Foster Avery led a resolution repudiating it.
Chapter 83
What did Susan argue when her "girls" repudiated The Woman's Bible?
Leaving the chair to speak, Susan declared that passing such a resolution would set back the hands on the dial of reform. She said the Association included all sorts of people, that a Christian had no more right on the platform than an atheist, and that when the platform was too narrow for all to stand on, she would not be on it.
Chapter 83
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What did Anthony tell the convention about organizing on a broad versus narrow platform?
Anthony warned delegates against catering to the whims and prejudices of people, arguing that people draw out their own thought from others. She said that if they organize with a broad spirit, they will call out breadth and toleration, and that it is better to organize one woman on a broad platform than 10,000 on a narrow platform of intolerance and bigotry.
Chapter 84
How did Anthony respond when the resolution censuring a woman leader passed 53 to 40?
She was deeply disappointed in her 'girls' and hurt by their defiance, and was tempted to resign. She hurried to New York to consult Mrs. Stanton, who insisted they both resign from the ungrateful organization. But Anthony ultimately decided not to resign, writing Stanton that rather than leave 'those half-fledged chickens without any mother,' she and all liberals should attend the next convention and try to reverse the narrow action.
Chapter 84
What was Anthony's stated view on women interpreting the Bible?
She made plain she had no part in writing The Woman's Bible, but added that women have as good a right to interpret and twist the Bible to their own advantage as men always have. She argued it was written by men, so its references to women reflect how women were regarded in those days, comparing it to Revolutionary War histories that say little of women's noble deeds.
Chapter 84
Why did Anthony's associates want her to write her reminiscences, and who collaborated on the biography?
Her 'girls' had urged her for years to write her reminiscences, partly because Stanton, Livermore, and Howe were writing theirs. Writing would keep her safely at home away from strenuous field work and occupied while they developed the work and conventions their own way. She delayed for years, then chose Ida Husted Harper as collaborator; Harper came to 17 Madison Street in spring 1897, and the two-volume Life and Work was published in 1898.
Chapter 84
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What did Anthony demand for women in the newly acquired island possessions?
After the war, Anthony took great interest in governing the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii and at once asked for the enfranchisement of women there. She called an exclusively masculine government a "male oligarchy" and regarded it as an outrage for the most democratic nation to impose it on these possessions.
Chapter 85
Why did Anthony consider the NAWSA less attractive than other women's organizations?
Anthony was disappointed that the National American Woman Suffrage Association did not attract members as the W.C.T.U. or the General Federation of Women's Clubs did. She confessed it was the disheartening part of her life that so few women would work for the emancipation of their own half of the race.
Chapter 85
What did Anthony believe yearly congressional action would accomplish?
Anthony repeatedly warned her "girls" that some action on woman suffrage by Congress every year was important. She was convinced a hearing, committee report, debate, or even an unfavorable vote would stir up the whole nation more than all the speakers and organizers sent through the country.
Chapter 85
What did Anthony warn her followers not to expect about their cause?
Anthony warned her "girls" not to expect their cause to triumph merely because it was just. Governments, she told them, never do great good things from mere principle or love of justice, and they expected too much of human nature. She also announced she would retire on her eightieth birthday in 1900.
Chapter 85
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What resolution did the 1899 American Federation of Labor convention adopt?
At the 1899 American Federation of Labor convention, the four hundred delegates adopted by a rising vote a strong resolution urging favorable action on a federal woman suffrage amendment. Anthony was surprised at the enthusiasm of her reception, since winning organized labor's support was of greatest importance to her; Samuel Gompers had already shown friendliness toward equal pay and votes for women.
Chapter 86
How did Florence Kelley and Gail Laughlin differ in their approaches to protecting women workers?
Florence Kelley, working with Jane Addams at Hull House, devoted herself to improving working conditions of women and children, representing the new trend of social service and labor legislation designed to protect women and children. Gail Laughlin, pioneering as a lawyer, approached from the feminist viewpoint, seeking protection not through sex-based labor legislation but through trade unions, the vote, equal pay, and recognition of women's right to contract on the same terms as men.
Chapter 86
How did Anthony put her belief in race equality into practice?
Anthony expressed herself freely in Rochester newspapers during the 1890s epidemic of lynchings and race riots, and noted dangerous trends such as anti-Negro societies and the white-only membership of the Spanish-American War veterans' organization. She arranged for a good speaker to occupy a Negro church pulpit at every Washington convention, spoke herself in Negro churches and schools in the South, welcomed Negro lecturers into her home, and required household employees to treat Negro guests respectfully.
Chapter 86
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Whom did Susan Anthony initially favor as her successor, and why?
Anthony turned instinctively to Anna Howard Shaw, whom she loved and trusted for her selfless devotion to the cause. Yet she recognized that Shaw lacked Catt's creative executive ability, diplomacy, and talent for directing people and winning devotion. Shaw also had to support herself by lecturing, while Catt's husband was sympathetic and financially successful, leaving her freer to work unpaid.
Chapter 87
Why did Anna Howard Shaw decline to seek the presidency herself?
Although her highest ambition had always been to succeed her beloved Aunt Susan, Shaw urged Mrs. Catt's candidacy instead. She later confessed to Susan that this personal sacrifice cost her many heartaches, but she honestly felt Mrs. Catt was better fitted and freer to enter an unpaid field. Anthony then approached Catt through Rachel and Harriet Upton, and Catt consented to stand.
Chapter 87
What concerns led Anthony and her advisors to dissolve the organization committee?
Under Catt's chairmanship the committee had carried on much of the work, and its considerable influence could develop so as to conflict with that of the officers, threatening the unity of the whole organization. Anthony and her closest advisors thought dissolution wisest. Mary Garrett Hay opposed the plan, but after earnest discussion the officers, including Catt, agreed to dissolve it.
Chapter 87
How did the 1900 Washington convention resolve the presidency, and what did Anthony say?
Blake withdrew just before balloting in the interest of harmony, leaving Catt to win 254 of 278 votes. Anthony told delegates she was not retiring for lack of ability but to see the organization in future hands while alive, so she could scold if work was done poorly. Presenting Catt, she called her 'my ideal leader,' saying new conditions demand stronger hands, younger heads, and fresher hearts.
Chapter 87
Section 884 cards
What did Susan Anthony propose at the first post-convention executive committee meeting?
Susan proposed that the national officers, headed by Mrs. Catt, take over the duties of the organization committee. Henry Blackwell and his daughter Alice called the procedure unconstitutional, and Mary Hay resigned. After Mrs. Catt steered the session to unfinished business, Susan raised the matter again the next day, and her motion voted the organization committee out of existence with praise for its service record.
Chapter 88
How was harmony restored after the conflict over the organization committee?
Susan asked for a meeting of the business committee at her home, believing frank discussion by those involved was the only way to restore trust. She prodded Mrs. Catt to call it, and late in August 1900 the officers gathered at 17 Madison Street. During those August days, misunderstandings were healed, unity was restored, and Susan was reassured that none of her 'girls' wanted anything other than what was good for the work.
Chapter 88
What conditions did the University of Rochester trustees set for admitting women?
The trustees consented to admit women provided $100,000 could be raised in a year. Because alumni opposed coeducation and wealthy men were indifferent, the trustees later extended the time and reduced the amount by half. When only one day remained to raise the last $8,000, Susan collected pledges and got Samuel Wilder to guarantee the final $2,000, though the trustees quibbled before admitting the women had won.
Chapter 88
What did Susan write in her diary after driving over the Rochester campus?
She wrote that she felt 'these are not forbidden grounds to the girls of the city any longer,' and that it was good to feel the old doors sway on their hinges to women. She then wondered whether the vows would be kept and whether girls would have equal chances with the boys, noting the fulfillment would be seen and whether there would be a hitch from the proposed separate school.
Chapter 88
Section 894 cards
What did Anthony write to Stanton before her eighty-seventh birthday?
Anthony reflected that it was fifty-one years since they first met, and that they had been busy every one of them stirring up the world to recognize the rights of women. She wrote that they little dreamed they would have to leave the finish of the battle to another generation, but rejoiced that younger women entered the task with college education, business experience, and the freely admitted right to speak in public.
Chapter 89
How did Anthony react to Stanton's death?
A telegram two weeks before Stanton's birthday announced she had passed away in her chair. Anthony sat alone in her study for hours trying to endure her grief, then told reporters she was too crushed to speak. She said that if she had died first, Stanton would have found beautiful phrases to describe their friendship, but she could not put it into words.
Chapter 89
Why did Anthony recruit Anna Howard Shaw for the 1904 convention?
Mrs. Catt decided at the last moment not to stand for re-election because of her health. Anthony saw no one capable of taking her place but Anna Howard Shaw. She wrote Shaw urging her to accept, offering a salary of $2,000, warning that they must not let the society fall into feeble hands, and noting Shaw would have been elected overwhelmingly had she taken office four years earlier.
Chapter 89
What did Anthony tell the Senate committee in her last appearance?
She reminded the indifferent men that she alone remained of those who in 1869 had appealed to Congress for justice, and said she could not come much longer. She noted women had stood aside for the Negro, for millions of immigrants, then for Hawaiians, Filipinos, and Puerto Ricans, and asked how long this injustice would continue. The Senate sent no report on the amendment.
Chapter 89
Section 904 cards
What did Susan B. Anthony argue about reporters at the Berlin suffragist gathering?
The author presents Anthony urging delegates to welcome reporters rather than exclude them, asking what the meeting was for if not to spread news widely. She wanted all speeches and actions told far and wide so people everywhere would know women had banded together in Berlin to demand political freedom. Her stance won the battle, and the resulting wire coverage was sympathetic, dignified, and abundant.
Chapter 90
What organization was formed in Berlin in 1904 and who led it?
The International Woman Suffrage Alliance was formed by women from the United States, Great Britain, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, Norway, and Denmark, aiming to secure the enfranchisement of women of all nations. Susan B. Anthony was honorary president, Carrie Chapman Catt president, and Rachel Foster Avery corresponding secretary. Anthony and Stanton had first discussed such an organization in 1883, when only English women were ready to unite.
Chapter 90
How did Anthony respond to Empress Victoria Augusta's reception of the delegates?
Receiving delegates at the Royal Palace, the Empress singled out Anthony. Instead of kissing the Empress's hand, Anthony bowed as she would to a distinguished American, explaining she was a Quaker unfamiliar with court etiquette. The Empress praised her work, and Anthony suggested Emperor William, having built up his country, might raise the status of German women. The Empress replied with a smile that gentlemen are very slow to comprehend this great movement.
Chapter 90
What personal loss clouded Anthony's homecoming after Berlin?
Her happiness over Rochester's warm welcome was clouded by the serious illness of her brother Daniel, and she and Mary hurried to Kansas to see him. Two months later he passed away, leaving only Susan and Mary of the large Anthony family. The author describes Daniel as a fearless editor, successful businessman, and principled politician whose strength and sympathy with her work had encouraged her throughout her life.
Chapter 90
Section 913 cards
What did Anthony ask of President Roosevelt in their November 1905 interview?
She asked him, before leaving the presidency, to recommend to Congress a constitutional amendment enfranchising women, so he would take his place in history with Lincoln. She also asked for one word of support, saying his influence would give the cause a tremendous impetus. He made no response to the amendment request, said the public knew his attitude, cited his recommendation as New York governor, and gave no sign the interview mattered.
Chapter 91
Why was the Sacajawea statue significant to Anthony?
Sacajawea had guided Lewis and Clark through the mountain passes, yet the government rewarded every man in the expedition with a large tract of land and overlooked her. At the 1905 unveiling in Portland, Anthony called it the first statue erected to a woman for deeds of daring, said the recognition was only a beginning, and appealed to Oregon men to grant women the vote the next year.
Chapter 91
What made the 1906 Baltimore College Evening notable for suffrage?
Arranged by M. Carey Thomas, it marked the first public endorsement of woman suffrage by college women, since women's colleges had resisted discussing it and the Association of Collegiate Alumnae refused to support it. College presidents and faculty, including Mary E. Woolley and M. Carey Thomas, allied themselves with the cause, and Thomas told Anthony that women everywhere owed her love and gratitude.
Chapter 91
Section 924 cards
What did Mary Garrett and M. Carey Thomas offer to raise for woman suffrage?
Fresh from successful money-raising campaigns for Johns Hopkins and Bryn Mawr, Mary Garrett and President M. Carey Thomas offered to undertake a similar project for woman suffrage, proposing to raise $60,000—$12,000 a year for the next five years. This came as Susan spoke with them about the National American Association's needs, particularly the $100,000 Standing Fund she had dreamed of and started raising.
Chapter 92
What promise did Susan ask Anna Shaw to make at her bedside?
Susan asked Anna Shaw to promise to keep the presidency of the association as long as she was well enough to do the work. When Anna said she could keep it only as long as others wished her to, Susan urged her to 'make them wish you to keep it.' Susan also said that if she had any conscious knowledge of this world, she would not be far from Anna and would help the Cause.
Chapter 92
What did Susan predict about women's suffrage, and when did it happen?
Asked a few years before if all women in the United States would ever get the vote, Susan replied with assurance that it would come but she would not see it, calling it inevitable and believing it would come within a generation. Women were enfranchised throughout the United States by the Nineteenth Amendment on August 26, 1920, fourteen years after her death.
Chapter 92
What rallying cry did Susan leave her 'girls,' and what did she look ahead to?
'Failure is impossible' was the rallying cry Susan left with her 'girls' to spur them on through the long discouraging struggle ahead. The chapter says she had looked farther ahead to the time when men and women everywhere, regardless of race, religion, or sex, would enjoy equal rights, and her challenging words still echo as the crusade for human rights goes forward.
Chapter 92
Section 934 cards
What kinds of materials make up the Susan B. Anthony Papers at the Library of Congress?
The Library of Congress Manuscript Division holds the Susan B. Anthony Papers, which include her diaries, alongside the Anna E. Dickinson Papers and the Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers. The Library's Rare Book Room separately holds the Susan B. Anthony Scrapbooks.
Chapter 93
Which repositories outside Rochester hold Susan B. Anthony Papers?
The chapter lists Susan B. Anthony Papers at the Kansas State Historical Society in Topeka, the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, the New York Public Library Manuscript Division, the University of California Bancroft Library in Berkeley, and the University of Rochester Library.
Chapter 93
Where are the Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers held, according to this chapter?
The chapter lists Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers at three locations: the Library of Congress Manuscript Division in Washington, D.C., the New York Public Library Manuscript Division, and the Vassar College Library in Poughkeepsie, New York, where the Margaret Stanton Lawrence Papers are also held.
Chapter 93
What published work documents Susan B. Anthony's 1874 illegal voting trial?
The bibliography lists 'An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony on the Charge of Illegal Voting,' published in Rochester, New York, in 1874. It appears among the published materials rather than the manuscript collections.
Chapter 93
Section 944 cards
What three authors compiled the multi-volume History of Woman Suffrage?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage compiled the History of Woman Suffrage, Volumes I, II, and III, published in New York and Rochester between 1881 and 1886. The bibliography lists this jointly authored work as a major source for the biography.
Chapter 94
Which 1869 London work by John Stuart Mill appears in this bibliography?
The bibliography lists John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women, published in London in 1869. It also lists his Autobiography (London, 1873), The Social and Political Dependence of Women (Boston, 1868), and a pamphlet of his 1867 speech in British Parliament on suffrage for women.
Chapter 94
What 1898 work did Elizabeth Cady Stanton publish on religion and women?
The bibliography lists Elizabeth Cady Stanton's The Woman's Bible, published in New York in 1898. It also lists her pamphlets Bible and Church Degrade Women (Chicago, 1884) and The Christian Church and Women, reprinted from The Index of Boston, showing her sustained critique of organized religion's treatment of women.
Chapter 94
Which periodicals are listed as sources in this bibliography?
The bibliography lists newspapers and periodicals including The Revolution, The Lily, The Una, Woman's Journal, Woman's Tribune, The Agitator, The Liberator, The Golden Age, Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, and the Woman's Suffrage Journal of London, England, alongside major dailies such as the New York Tribune and Chicago Tribune.
Chapter 94
Section 954 cards
What events in Susan B. Anthony's life does the index list for her arrest and trial?
The index lists "arrest and trial of, 201-03, 209-13" under Susan B. Anthony's entry, indicating her arrest is covered on pages 201-03 and the trial on pages 209-13. It also separately lists her "first appeal for Congressional action on woman suffrage" at page 117 and her "prophecy of" at page 310.
Chapter 95
According to the index, what topics are listed under Anthony's opinions on marriage and politics?
The index lists her opinions "on marriage, 73-74, 80, 221, 224," "on women's support of political parties, 243," and "on woman as president, 245." These entries appear under Susan B. Anthony's main heading alongside her interest in books and outdoor work.
Chapter 95
Which pages does the index give for the Beecher-Tilton case and Henry Ward Beecher?
The index lists the Beecher-Tilton case at pages 219, 220, 222-23, and 321, and Henry Ward Beecher at pages 79, 101, 103, 118, 125, 129, 134, 137, 169, 173-74, and 220-22. Beecher's entry overlaps with the case entries at pages 220-22.
Chapter 95
What does the index list for the History of Woman Suffrage and the Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment?
The index lists History of Woman Suffrage at pages 236-39, 295, and 302. The Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment is listed at pages 160-62, 164, 166, 172-73, 193, 216-18, 226, 229, 231-34, 286, 291, 298, 305, and 310, with an additional entry at 321.
Chapter 95
Section 963 cards
What key legal reform appears repeatedly in the index of this chapter?
The Married Women's Property Law is indexed at pages 19-20, 38-39, 54, 78, 95, and 101, showing it recurred across the book as a central legal reform. The index also lists the Sixteenth Amendment (pages 160-62, 164, 166, 172-73, 193, 216-17, 231-33) and the Nineteenth Amendment (pages 310, 321).
Chapter 96
Which two national suffrage organizations are indexed, and where do their page ranges overlap?
The National Woman Suffrage Association is indexed at pages 165, 173, 175, 177, 183, 185, 191-95, 221, 226, 233, 242, 245-51, 318, and 323. The National American Woman Suffrage Association appears at pages 251, 260, 263, 274-78, 283-87, 289-93, 295-97, 302-03, and 307-08. Their ranges meet around page 251.
Chapter 96
Which woman suffrage territories and states are listed in the index, and which predate the Nineteenth Amendment?
The index lists woman suffrage in Australia (297, 310), Colorado (230-31, 261, 264, 273, 297, 310), Great Britain (55, 71, 176, 198, 288, 322-23), Idaho (273, 310), New Zealand (265, 310), Utah (176, 186, 241, 273, 310), and Wyoming (176, 186, 198, 241, 252, 261, 273, 310). Wyoming and Utah entries begin earlier than the Nineteenth Amendment's pages (310, 321).
Chapter 96
Section 974 cards
What does the index entry for Victoria C. Woodhull list?
The index entry for Victoria C. Woodhull lists page references 180-86, 191-95, 220-21, 319, and 322. These are the pages in the book where Woodhull is discussed, plus a footnote location. The entry itself gives no biographical detail; it only points readers to where her involvement is covered.
Chapter 97
Which organizations appear in this index with their page ranges?
The index lists the Women's National Loyal League at pages 101-03, 105, and 315; the Workingwomen's Association at 149-53, 155-57, and 317; and the World's Temperance Convention at page 35. Each entry gives only page locations, not descriptions of the organizations' activities.
Chapter 97
What did the transcriber change on page 306?
The transcriber's notes state that on page 306, "Byrn" was changed to "Bryn." This is one of forty numbered corrections the transcriber made to obvious errors in the text, listed at the end of the book. The notes say the text was otherwise reproduced faithfully, including obsolete and variant spellings and other inconsistencies.
Chapter 97
Where were the book's footnotes originally located and where were they moved?
The transcriber's notes state that all footnotes for the book were located on pages 311-326 and have been relocated to immediately follow the chapter where they are referenced. The notes also explain that the text was reproduced faithfully, including obsolete and variant spellings, with forty listed corrections for obvious errors.
Chapter 97
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Text used: Project Gutenberg eBook #20439 (Public domain in the United States). Generated from the full text; cards paraphrase the source.
Version: Public domain edition. Retrieved 2026-10-26. Cards reviewed 2026-10-26.
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